Abstract
African farmers are currently grappling with potential control measures for the invasive fall armyworm (FAW) ( Spodoptera frugiperda ), which has recently emerged as an important economic pest that is ravaging maize fields across the continent. We evaluated the efficacy of the West African black pepper extract and beans intercropping systems as viable FAW control measures and the implication on maize yields. The experiment comprised five treatments (control-no input, dwarf beans intercrop, climbing beans intercrop, West African black pepper extract, and insecticide) with three replications each. FAW severity was assessed at three to seven weeks after planting (WAP), while maize infestation was assessed at seven WAP. FAW severity increased significantly (P<0.05) across WAP for the control and dwarf beans intercrop, with the highest at four and six WAP, respectively. FAW severity also differed (P<0.05) significantly across treatments at four to seven WAP, with the lowest recorded in the extract of West African black pepper ( Piper guineense ) and the highest in control treatments. Maize infestation ranged from 13 to 93%, with the lowest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both dwarf and climbing beans intercrops and then the control. The maize yield determined at physiological maturity ranged from 2.2 to 6.3 t ha −1 across treatments and differed significantly, with the highest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both the dwarf and climbing beans intercrops, as compared to the control. Overall, the West African black pepper extract and beans push cropping systems demonstrated efficacy as viable sustainable alternative control measures for the invasive fall armyworm in maize fields.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm severity increased over weeks after planting in the untreated control.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“FAW severity increased significantly (P<0.05) across WAP for the control and dwarf beans intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm severity increased over weeks after planting with dwarf beans intercropping.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“FAW severity increased significantly (P<0.05) across WAP for the control and dwarf beans intercrop”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper extract gave the lowest fall armyworm severity across treatments at four to seven weeks after planting.
- Treatment
- extract of West African black pepper ( Piper guineense )e0
- Outcome
- FAW severitye0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Qualifier
- four to seven WAPe0
- Comparator
- control treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“FAW severity also differed (P<0.05) significantly across treatments at four to seven WAP, with the lowest recorded in the extract of West African black pepper ( Piper guineense ) and the highest in control treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize infestation was lowest with pepper extract among treatments.
- Treatment
- West African black pepper extracte0
- Outcome
- Maize infestatione0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Maize infestation ranged from 13 to 93%, with the lowest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both dwarf and climbing beans intercrops and then the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize infestation was lowest with synthetic insecticide among treatments.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“Maize infestation ranged from 13 to 93%, with the lowest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both dwarf and climbing beans intercrops and then the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf bean intercropping reduced maize infestation relative to control.
- Treatment
- dwarfe0
- Outcome
- dwarf and climbing beans intercropse0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“followed by both dwarf and climbing beans intercrops and then the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Climbing bean intercropping reduced maize infestation relative to control.
- Treatment
- climbing beans intercropse0
- Outcome
- dwarf and climbing beans intercropse0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“followed by both dwarf and climbing beans intercrops and then the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper extract gave the highest maize yield, among treatments, at maturity.
- Treatment
- West African black pepper extracte0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The maize yield determined at physiological maturity ranged from 2.2 to 6.3 t ha −1 across treatments and differed significantly, with the highest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both the dwarf and climbing beans intercrops, as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Synthetic insecticide gave the highest maize yield, among treatments, at maturity.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The maize yield determined at physiological maturity ranged from 2.2 to 6.3 t ha −1 across treatments and differed significantly, with the highest in the West African black pepper extract and synthetic insecticide, followed by both the dwarf and climbing beans intercrops, as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean intercrops gave higher maize yield than the control, but below pepper extract and insecticide.
- Treatment
- dwarf and climbing beans intercropse0
- Outcome
- beans intercropse0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“followed by both the dwarf and climbing beans intercrops, as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify pepper extract and bean intercrops as sustainable fall armyworm controls in maize.
- Outcome
- viable sustainable alternative control measures for the invasive fall armyworme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“West African black pepper extract and beans push cropping systems demonstrated efficacy as viable sustainable alternative control measures for the invasive fall armyworm in maize fields”
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