Abstract
Salt marshes constitute major sinks for heavy metal accumulation but the precise impact of salinity on heavy metal toxicity for halophyte plant species remains largely unknown. Young seedlings of Kosteletzkya virginica were exposed during 3 weeks in nutrient solution to Cd 5 µM in the presence or absence of 50 mM NaCl. Cadmium (Cd) reduced growth and shoot water content and had major detrimental effect on maximum quantum efficiency (F(v) /F(m) ), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) and electron transport rates (ETRs). Cd induced an oxidative stress in relation to an increase in O(2) (•-) and H(2) O(2) concentration and lead to a decrease in endogenous glutathione (GSH) and α-tocopherol in the leaves. Cd not only increased leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside concentration but also increased the senescing compounds 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA). Salinity reduced Cd accumulation already after 1 week of stress but was unable to restore shoot growth and thus did not induce any dilution effect. Salinity delayed the Cd-induced leaf senescence: NaCl reduced the deleterious impact of Cd on photosynthesis apparatus through an improvement of F(v) /F(m) , Y(II) and ETR. Salt reduced oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants through an increase in GSH, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesis and an increase in glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity. Additional salt reduced ACC and ABA accumulation in Cd+NaCl-treated leaves comparing to Cd alone. It is concluded that salinity affords efficient protection against Cd to the halophyte species K. virginica, in relation to an improved management of oxidative stress and hormonal status.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium reduced growth and shoot water content of Kosteletzkya virginica seedlings.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginica
Kosteletzkya pentacarpost0 - Treatment
- Cadmium (Cd)e0
- Outcome
- growth and shoot water contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e0“Cadmium (Cd) reduced growth and shoot water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium decreased maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, effective quantum yield and electron transport rates.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Cadmium (Cd)e0
- Outcome
- maximum quantum efficiencye1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) and electron transport rates (ETRs)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e0“Cadmium (Cd) reduced growth and shoot water content”
e1“had major detrimental effect on maximum quantum efficiency (F(v) /F(m) ), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Y(II)) and electron transport rates (ETRs)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased O2 radical and H2O2 concentration in leaves, indicating oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Cde2
- Outcome
- O(2) (•-) and H(2) O(2) concentratione2
- Direction
- increasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e2“Cd induced an oxidative stress in relation to an increase in O(2) (•-) and H(2) O(2) concentration and lead to a decrease in endogenous glutathione (GSH) and α-tocopherol in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium decreased endogenous glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in leaves.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Cde2
- Outcome
- endogenous glutathione (GSH) and α-tocopherole2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e2“Cd induced an oxidative stress in relation to an increase in O(2) (•-) and H(2) O(2) concentration and lead to a decrease in endogenous glutathione (GSH) and α-tocopherol in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside concentration.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Cde3
- Compound
- zeatine3
- Outcome
- leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside concentratione3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e3“Cd not only increased leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside concentration but also increased the senescing compounds 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA).
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Cde3
- Outcome
- 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA)e3
- Direction
- increasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e3“Cd not only increased leaf zeatin and zeatin riboside concentration but also increased the senescing compounds 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and abscisic acid (ABA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced cadmium accumulation in Kosteletzkya virginica after one week of stress.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Salinitye4
- Outcome
- Cd accumulatione4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e4“Salinity reduced Cd accumulation already after 1 week of stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity delayed Cd-induced leaf senescence in Kosteletzkya virginica.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Salinitye5
- Outcome
- Cd-induced leaf senescencee5
- Direction
- delayede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e5“Salinity delayed the Cd-induced leaf senescence: NaCl reduced the deleterious impact of Cd on photosynthesis apparatus through an improvement of F(v) /F(m) , Y(II) and ETR”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl reduced the deleterious impact of Cd on the photosynthesis apparatus.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- NaCle5
- Outcome
- deleterious impact of Cd on photosynthesis apparatuse5
- Direction
- reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e5“Salinity delayed the Cd-induced leaf senescence: NaCl reduced the deleterious impact of Cd on photosynthesis apparatus through an improvement of F(v) /F(m) , Y(II) and ETR”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt reduced oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Salte6
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e6“Salt reduced oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants through an increase in GSH, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesis and an increase in glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt increased GSH, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesis in Cd-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Salte6
- Outcome
- GSH, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesise6
- Direction
- increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e6“Salt reduced oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants through an increase in GSH, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesis and an increase in glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt increased glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity in Cd-treated plants.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Salte6
- Gene
- glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2)e6
- Outcome
- activitye6
- Direction
- increasee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e6“Salt reduced oxidative stress in Cd-treated plants through an increase in GSH, α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid synthesis and an increase in glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional salt reduced ACC and ABA accumulation in Cd-treated leaves compared with Cd alone.
- Taxon
- Kosteletzkya virginicaKosteletzkya pentacarpost0
- Treatment
- Additional salte7
- Outcome
- ACC and ABA accumulatione7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- Cd alonee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Kosteletzkya virginica”
e7“Additional salt reduced ACC and ABA accumulation in Cd+NaCl-treated leaves comparing to Cd alone”
The same questions in other papers
sodium chloride · physiology: photosynthesis · Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (seashore mallow)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cadmium atom · growth · Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (seashore mallow)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (seashore mallow)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
salinity · physiology: oxidative · Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (seashore mallow)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
salinity · nutrient: content · Kosteletzkya pentacarpos (seashore mallow)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.