Abstract
Levels of atmospheric CO(2) have been increasing steadily over the last century and are projected to increase even more dramatically in the future. Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2) have larger herbivore populations than soybeans grown under ambient levels of CO(2). Increased abundance could reflect the fact that these herbivores are drawn in by increased amounts of volatiles or changes in the composition of volatiles released by plants grown under elevated CO(2) conditions. To determine impacts of elevated CO(2) on olfactory preferences, Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) and soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) were placed in Y-tube olfactometers with a choice between ambient levels of CO(2) gas versus elevated levels of CO(2) gas or damaged and undamaged leaves and plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2) versus damaged and undamaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2). All plants had been grown from seeds under ambient or elevated levels of CO(2). Painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui L.) were placed in an oviposition chamber with a choice between plants grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO(2). A. glycines and V. cardui showed no significant preference for plants in either treatment. P. japonica showed no significant preference between ambient levels and elevated levels of CO(2) gas. There was a significant P. japonica preference for damaged plants grown under ambient CO(2) versus undamaged plants but no preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants. P. japonica also preferred damaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2) versus damaged plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2). This lack of preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants could be the result of the identical elevated levels of a green leaf volatile (2-hexenal) present in all foliage grown under elevated CO(2) regardless of damage status. Green leaf volatiles are typically released from damaged leaves and are used as kairomones by many herbivorous insects for host plant location. An increase in production of volatiles in soybeans grown under elevated CO(2) conditions may lead to larger herbivore outbreaks in the future.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Aphis glycines showed no significant preference between soybean plants grown under elevated and ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- Glycine max
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- elevated levels of CO(2)e2
- Interactor
- Aphis glycines
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Aphis glycinese2herbivore - Outcome
- preference for plantse0
- Comparator
- ambient levels of CO(2)e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“A. glycines and V. cardui showed no significant preference for plants in either treatment”
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e2“soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) were placed in Y-tube olfactometers with a choice between ambient levels of CO(2) gas versus elevated levels of CO(2) gas”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanessa cardui showed no significant preference for soybean plants grown under elevated versus ambient CO2 in oviposition choice.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- elevated levels of CO(2)e3
- Interactor
- Vanessa cardui
Vanessa carduie3herbivore - Outcome
- preference for plantse0
- Comparator
- ambiente3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. glycines and V. cardui showed no significant preference for plants in either treatment”
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e3“Painted lady butterflies (Vanessa cardui L.) were placed in an oviposition chamber with a choice between plants grown under ambient and elevated levels of CO(2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Popillia japonica showed no significant preference between plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 gas.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- elevated levels of CO(2) gase4
- Interactor
- Popillia japonica
Popillia japonicae5herbivore - Outcome
- P. japonicae4
- Comparator
- ambient levelse4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e4“P. japonica showed no significant preference between ambient levels and elevated levels of CO(2) gas”
e5“Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman)”
Claim · model-written summary
Popillia japonica significantly preferred damaged soybean plants grown under ambient CO2 over undamaged plants.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- damaged plants grown under ambient CO(2)e6
- Interactor
- Popillia japonicaPopillia japonicae5herbivore
- Outcome
- P. japonica preferencee6
- Comparator
- undamaged plantse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e6“There was a significant P. japonica preference for damaged plants grown under ambient CO(2) versus undamaged plants”
e5“Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman)”
Claim · model-written summary
Popillia japonica showed no preference for damaged soybean plants grown under elevated CO2 over undamaged plants.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2)e7
- Interactor
- Popillia japonicaPopillia japonicae5herbivore
- Outcome
- preference for damaged plantse7
- Comparator
- undamaged plantse7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e7“but no preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants”
e5“Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman)”
Claim · model-written summary
Popillia japonica also preferred damaged soybean plants grown under elevated CO2 over damaged plants grown under ambient CO2.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- elevated levels of CO(2)e2
- Interactor
- Popillia japonicaPopillia japonicae5herbivore
- Outcome
- preferred damaged plantse2
- Comparator
- damaged plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2)e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e2“P. japonica also preferred damaged plants grown under elevated levels of CO(2) versus damaged plants grown under ambient levels of CO(2)”
e5“Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman)”
Claim · model-written summary
The lack of preference for damaged elevated-CO2 plants may result from the identical elevated level of the green leaf volatile 2-hexenal present in all foliage under elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- Glycine maxGlycine maxe1
- Compound
- 2-hexenale3
- Outcome
- lack of preference for damaged plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybeans (Glycine max L.) grown under elevated levels of CO(2)”
e3“This lack of preference for damaged plants grown under elevated CO(2) versus undamaged plants could be the result of the identical elevated levels of a green leaf volatile (2-hexenal) present in all foliage grown under elevated CO(2) regardless of damage status”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased volatile production in soybeans grown under elevated CO2 may lead to larger herbivore outbreaks in the future.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe4
- Outcome
- larger herbivore outbreakse4
- Qualifier
- An increase in production of volatilese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“An increase in production of volatiles in soybeans grown under elevated CO(2) conditions may lead to larger herbivore outbreaks in the future”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · Aphis glycines · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
co2 · Vanessa cardui · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
co2 · Popillia japonica · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.