Abstract
Key pecan insect pests include the black pecan aphid, Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), pecan weevil, Curculio caryae (Horn), and stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Alternative control tactics are needed for management of these pests in organic and conventional systems. Our objective was to evaluate the potential utility of several alternative insecticides including three plant extract formulations, eucalyptus extract, citrus extract-8.92%, and citrus extract-19.4%, and two microbial insecticides, Chromobacterium subtsugae (Martin et al.) and Isaria fumosorosea (Wize). In the laboratory, eucalyptus extract, citrus extract-8.92%, citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality (mortality was reached approximately 78, 83, and 96%, respectively). In field tests, combined applications of I. fumosorosea with eucalyptus extract were synergistic and caused up to 82% mortality in M. caryaefoliae. In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective, and antagonism was observed when citrus extract-19.4% was combined with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). In field tests, C. subtsugae reduced C. caryae damage by 55% within the first 3d, and caused 74.5% corrected mortality within 7 d posttreatment. In the laboratory, C. subtsugae and eucalyptus extract did not cause mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say). Applications of C. subtsugae for suppression of C. caryae, and eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliae show promise as alternative insecticides and should be evaluated further.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
In the laboratory, eucalyptus extract, citrus extract-8.92%, citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality (mortality was reached approximately 78, 83, and 96%, respectively)
- Taxon
- pecan
_1_(24790682337).jpg?width=60)
Carya illinoinensist0 - Treatment
- eucalyptus extracte0
- Interactor
- M. caryaefoliae
Melanocallis caryaefoliaee0pest - Outcome
- M. caryaefoliae mortalitye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Setting
- laboratorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1_(24790682337).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In the laboratory, eucalyptus extract, citrus extract-8.92%, citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality (mortality was reached approximately 78, 83, and 96%, respectively)”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
citrus extract-8.92%, citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality (mortality was reached approximately 78, 83, and 96%, respectively)
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- citrus extract-8.92%e0
- Interactor
- M. caryaefoliaeMelanocallis caryaefoliaee0pest
- Outcome
- M. caryaefoliae mortalitye0
- Direction
- causede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrus extract-8.92%, citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality (mortality was reached approximately 78, 83, and 96%, respectively)”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- citrus extract-19.4%e0
- Interactor
- M. caryaefoliaeMelanocallis caryaefoliaee0pest
- Outcome
- M. caryaefoliae mortalitye0
- Direction
- causede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citrus extract-19.4%, and C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- C. subtsugaee0
- Interactor
- M. caryaefoliaeMelanocallis caryaefoliaee0pest
- Second interactor
- C. subtsugaeChromobacterium subtsugaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- M. caryaefoliae mortalitye0
- Direction
- causede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. subtsugae caused M. caryaefoliae mortality”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
combined applications of I. fumosorosea with eucalyptus extract were synergistic and caused up to 82% mortality in M. caryaefoliae
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- I. fumosorosea with eucalyptus extracte0
- Interactor
- M. caryaefoliaeMelanocallis caryaefoliaee0pest
- Second interactor
- I. fumosoroseae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality in M. caryaefoliaee0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- up to 82%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined applications of I. fumosorosea with eucalyptus extract were synergistic and caused up to 82% mortality in M. caryaefoliae”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- C. subtsugaee0
- Interactor
- C. caryae
Curculio caryaee0pest - Second interactor
- C. subtsugaeChromobacterium subtsugaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- feeding and oviposition damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- eucalyptus extracte0
- Interactor
- C. caryaeCurculio caryaee0pest
- Outcome
- C. caryae suppressione0
- Direction
- ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- citrus extract-19.4%e0
- Interactor
- C. caryaeCurculio caryaee0pest
- Outcome
- C. caryae suppressione0
- Direction
- ineffectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective, and antagonism was observed when citrus extract-19.4% was combined with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- citrus extract-19.4% was combined with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsaee0
- Interactor
- C. caryaeCurculio caryaee0pest
- Second interactor
- Steinernema carpocapsae
Steinernema carpocapsaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antagonisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory assays focusing on C. caryae suppression, C. subtsugae reduced feeding and oviposition damage, eucalyptus extract and citrus extract-19.4% were ineffective, and antagonism was observed when citrus extract-19.4% was combined with the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subtsugae reduced C. caryae damage by 55% within the first 3d
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- C. subtsugaee0
- Interactor
- C. caryaeCurculio caryaee0pest
- Second interactor
- C. subtsugaeChromobacterium subtsugaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- C. caryae damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- within the first 3de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. subtsugae reduced C. caryae damage by 55% within the first 3d”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subtsugae reduced C. caryae damage by 55% within the first 3d, and caused 74.5% corrected mortality within 7 d posttreatment
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- C. subtsugaee0
- Interactor
- C. caryaeCurculio caryaee0pest
- Second interactor
- C. subtsugaeChromobacterium subtsugaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- corrected mortalitye0
- Direction
- causede0
- Value
- 74.5%e0
- Qualifier
- within 7 d posttreatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. subtsugae reduced C. caryae damage by 55% within the first 3d, and caused 74.5% corrected mortality within 7 d posttreatment”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subtsugae and eucalyptus extract did not cause mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say)
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- C. subtsugaee0
- Interactor
- Euschistus servus
Euschistus servuse0pest - Second interactor
- C. subtsugaeChromobacterium subtsugaee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servuse0
- Direction
- did not causee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. subtsugae and eucalyptus extract did not cause mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say)”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subtsugae and eucalyptus extract did not cause mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say)
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Treatment
- eucalyptus extracte0
- Interactor
- Euschistus servusEuschistus servuse0pest
- Outcome
- mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servuse0
- Direction
- did not causee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. subtsugae and eucalyptus extract did not cause mortality in the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say)”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Applications of C. subtsugae for suppression of C. caryae, and eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliae show promise as alternative insecticides and should be evaluated further
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- Applications of C. subtsugae for suppression of C. caryaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of C. subtsugae for suppression of C. caryae, and eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliae show promise as alternative insecticides and should be evaluated further”
t0“pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliae show promise as alternative insecticides and should be evaluated further
- Taxon
- pecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eucalyptus extract plus I. fumosorosea for control of M. caryaefoliae show promise as alternative insecticides and should be evaluated further”
t0“pecan”