Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a freely diffusible, gaseous free radical and an important signaling molecule in animals. In plants, NO influences aspects of growth and development, and can affect plant responses to stress. In some cases, the effects of NO are the result of its interaction with reactive oxygen species (ROS). These interactions can be cytotoxic or protective. Because gibberellin (GA)-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) aleurone layers is mediated by ROS, we examined the effects of NO donors on PCD and ROS-metabolizing enzymes in this system. NO donors delay PCD in layers treated with GA, but do not inhibit metabolism in general, or the GA-induced synthesis and secretion of alpha-amylase. alpha-Amylase secretion is stimulated slightly by NO donors. The effects of NO donors are specific for NO, because they can be blocked completely by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene also slowed PCD, and these data support our hypothesis that NO is a protective antioxidant in aleurone cells. The amounts of CAT and SOD, two enzymes that metabolize ROS, are greatly reduced in aleurone layers treated with GA. Treatment with GA in the presence of NO donors delays the loss of CAT and SOD. We speculate that NO may be an endogenous modulator of PCD in barley aleurone cells.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors delayed GA-associated programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- NO donorse0
- Outcome
- PCDe0
- Direction
- delaye0
- Qualifier
- treated with GAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“NO donors delay PCD in layers treated with GA”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors did not inhibit general metabolism.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NO donorse1
- Outcome
- metabolism in generale0
- Direction
- do not inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but do not inhibit metabolism in general”
e1“NO donors delay PCD in layers treated with GA”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors did not inhibit GA-induced alpha-amylase synthesis and secretion.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NO donorse2
- Outcome
- GA-induced synthesis and secretion of alpha-amylasee0
- Direction
- do not inhibite1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“or the GA-induced synthesis and secretion of alpha-amylase.”
e1“but do not inhibit metabolism in general”
e2“NO donors delay PCD in layers treated with GA”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors slightly stimulated alpha-amylase secretion.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NO donorse0
- Outcome
- alpha-Amylase secretione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alpha-Amylase secretion is stimulated slightly by NO donors.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
An NO scavenger completely blocked the effects of NO donors.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxidee0
- Outcome
- effects of NO donorse0
- Direction
- blocked completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of NO donors are specific for NO, because they can be blocked completely by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Butylated hydroxy toluene slowed programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- butylated hydroxy toluenee0
- Outcome
- PCDe0
- Direction
- slowede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antioxidant butylated hydroxy toluene also slowed PCD”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
GA greatly reduced CAT abundance.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layerse0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- amounts of CATe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of CAT and SOD, two enzymes that metabolize ROS, are greatly reduced in aleurone layers treated with GA.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
GA greatly reduced SOD abundance.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layerse0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of CAT and SOD, two enzymes that metabolize ROS, are greatly reduced in aleurone layers treated with GA.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors delayed GA-induced loss of CAT.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- GA in the presence of NO donorse0
- Gene
- CATe0
- Outcome
- loss of CATe0
- Direction
- delayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with GA in the presence of NO donors delays the loss of CAT and SOD.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NO donors delayed GA-induced loss of SOD.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- GA in the presence of NO donorse0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- delayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with GA in the presence of NO donors delays the loss of CAT and SOD.”
t0“Barley”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.