Abstract
Ecology, syntaxonomy and population size of Gymnocarpium dryopteris have been studied, especially during the period 1979–1991 by collecting data on 419 colonies in the Kuinderbos (a planted woodland in the Noordoostpolder, a polder reclaimed from the former Zuiderzee in 1942) and 74 colonies elsewhere in the Netherlands. In this paper the Kuinderbos population is compared with other Dutch populations (pleistocene area) in order to provide more insights in the ecology of the species and circumstances facilitating high density. Populations in Germany were studied as reference. In the period 1979–1991 the species was recorded in the Netherlands with at least 670 colonies, of which 89% are in the Kuinderbos. Gymnocarpium dryopteris prefers shadowed ditches and drainage trenches, but can grow at various other habitats as well. Especially at the western and southern part of the Netherlands, the species grows on canal walls. Sites with Gymnocarpium dryopteris belong to different communities. In the Kuinderbos stands of Picea sitchensis are preferred, while elsewhere in the Netherlands the species prefers the Quercion roboris-petreae (Fago-Quercetum) or Pseudotsuga mensiezii-stands. Gymnocarpium dryopteris is accompanied by 14 fern species, at the Kuinderbos by 12 fern species, with Athyrium filix-femina as characteristic species, often indicating potential sites. Rhizomes are shallow creeping, at average 2.6 cm below the surface (0.5–8 cm). It grows in the ecto-organic layer or just below this layer. At trench sides it often grows in the mineral layer. Most colonies are within the influence of the watertable. The Dutch colonies are small and colonies with more than 1000 fronds are rare. This probably indicates that most colonies are less than 20 years old. Colonies with more than 100 fronds are often fertile, with less than 20% of the fronds bearing sori. At the wall habitat small-sized individuals may be fertile as well. The high density in the Kuinderbos can be attributed to an optimal water supply from a peat subsoil, the composition of the ecto-organic layer consisting of Picea needles and an optimal light climate. The high density in Picea sitchensis within the Kuinderbos is unprecedented in Europe and makes these stands resemble the natural habitat of Picea sitchensis at the west coast of N. America.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
The species was recorded with at least 670 colonies in the Netherlands in 1979–1991.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopteris
Gymnocarpium dryopterist0 - Outcome
- coloniese1
- Value
- 670 coloniese1
- Qualifier
- 1979–1991e1
- Setting
- the Netherlandse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“In the period 1979–1991 the species was recorded in the Netherlands with at least 670 colonies, of which 89% are in the Kuinderbos”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the colonies, 89% are in the Kuinderbos.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- of which 89% are in the Kuinderbose1
- Value
- 89%e1
- Setting
- the Kuinderbose1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“In the period 1979–1991 the species was recorded in the Netherlands with at least 670 colonies, of which 89% are in the Kuinderbos”
Claim · model-written summary
The species prefers shadowed ditches and drainage trenches but can grow in various other habitats.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- habitatse2
- Setting
- shadowed ditches and drainage trenchese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e2“Gymnocarpium dryopteris prefers shadowed ditches and drainage trenches, but can grow at various other habitats as well”
Claim · model-written summary
In the western and southern Netherlands the species grows on canal walls.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- canal wallse3
- Setting
- western and southern part of the Netherlandse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e3“Especially at the western and southern part of the Netherlands, the species grows on canal walls”
Claim · model-written summary
Sites with Gymnocarpium dryopteris belong to different plant communities.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- different communitiese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e4“Sites with Gymnocarpium dryopteris belong to different communities”
Claim · model-written summary
In the Kuinderbos, stands of Picea sitchensis are preferred by the species.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- stands of Picea sitchensise5
- Direction
- preferrede5
- Setting
- the Kuinderbose5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e5“In the Kuinderbos stands of Picea sitchensis are preferred, while elsewhere in the Netherlands the species prefers the Quercion roboris-petreae (Fago-Quercetum) or Pseudotsuga mensiezii-stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Elsewhere in the Netherlands the species prefers Quercion roboris-petreae (Fago-Quercetum) or Pseudotsuga mensiezii stands.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- Quercion roboris-petreae (Fago-Quercetum) or Pseudotsuga mensiezii-standse5
- Direction
- preferse5
- Setting
- elsewhere in the Netherlandse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e5“In the Kuinderbos stands of Picea sitchensis are preferred, while elsewhere in the Netherlands the species prefers the Quercion roboris-petreae (Fago-Quercetum) or Pseudotsuga mensiezii-stands”
Claim · model-written summary
The species is accompanied by 14 fern species.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- accompanied bye6
- Value
- 14 fern speciese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e6“Gymnocarpium dryopteris is accompanied by 14 fern species, at the Kuinderbos by 12 fern species, with Athyrium filix-femina as characteristic species, often indicating potential sites”
Claim · model-written summary
At the Kuinderbos the species is accompanied by 12 fern species.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- accompanied bye6
- Value
- 12 fern speciese6
- Setting
- the Kuinderbose6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e6“Gymnocarpium dryopteris is accompanied by 14 fern species, at the Kuinderbos by 12 fern species, with Athyrium filix-femina as characteristic species, often indicating potential sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Athyrium filix-femina is a characteristic species of the fern stands, often indicating potential sites.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- characteristic speciese6
- Qualifier
- Athyrium filix-femina as characteristic species, often indicating potential sitese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e6“Gymnocarpium dryopteris is accompanied by 14 fern species, at the Kuinderbos by 12 fern species, with Athyrium filix-femina as characteristic species, often indicating potential sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizomes are shallow creeping, at an average of 2.6 cm below the surface (0.5–8 cm).
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Organ / stage
- Rhizomese7
- Outcome
- below the surfacee7
- Value
- 2.6 cme7
- Qualifier
- 0.5–8 cme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e7“Rhizomes are shallow creeping, at average 2.6 cm below the surface (0.5–8 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The species grows in the ecto-organic layer or just below it.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- ecto-organic layere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“It grows in the ecto-organic layer or just below this layer”
Claim · model-written summary
At trench sides the species often grows in the mineral layer.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- mineral layere1
- Setting
- trench sidese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“At trench sides it often grows in the mineral layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Most colonies are within the influence of the watertable.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- within the influence of the watertablee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“Most colonies are within the influence of the watertable”
Claim · model-written summary
Dutch colonies are small, and colonies with more than 1000 fronds are rare.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- Dutch colonies are smalle1
- Qualifier
- colonies with more than 1000 fronds are raree1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“The Dutch colonies are small and colonies with more than 1000 fronds are rare”
Claim · model-written summary
Colonies with more than 100 fronds are often fertile.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- Colonies with more than 100 frondse1
- Qualifier
- often fertilee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“Colonies with more than 100 fronds are often fertile, with less than 20% of the fronds bearing sori”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 20% of the fronds bear sori.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- fronds bearing sorie1
- Value
- less than 20%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“Colonies with more than 100 fronds are often fertile, with less than 20% of the fronds bearing sori”
Claim · model-written summary
At the wall habitat small-sized individuals may be fertile as well.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- small-sized individualse1
- Qualifier
- may be fertilee1
- Setting
- wall habitate1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“At the wall habitat small-sized individuals may be fertile as well”
Claim · model-written summary
The high density in the Kuinderbos can be attributed to an optimal water supply from a peat subsoil.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- high density in the Kuinderbose1
- Qualifier
- optimal water supply from a peat subsoile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“The high density in the Kuinderbos can be attributed to an optimal water supply from a peat subsoil”
Claim · model-written summary
The high density of Picea sitchensis within the Kuinderbos is unprecedented in Europe and makes these stands resemble the natural habitat of Picea sitchensis in North America.
- Taxon
- Gymnocarpium dryopterisGymnocarpium dryopterist0
- Outcome
- high density in Picea sitchensis within the Kuinderbose1
- Qualifier
- unprecedented in Europee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Gymnocarpium dryopteris”
e1“The high density in Picea sitchensis within the Kuinderbos is unprecedented in Europe and makes these stands resemble the natural habitat of Picea sitchensis at the west coast of N. America”