Abstract
Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges immersed in water at up to 75°C for 150 s; in 2 to 4% sodium carbonate (wt/vol) at 20 or 45°C for 60 or 150 s; or in 1 to 4% sodium bicarbonate at room temperature for 150 s, followed by storage at 20°C for 7 days. Hot water controlled blue mold at 50 to 55°C, temperatures near those that injured fruit, and its effectiveness declined after 14 days of storage. Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were superior to hot water. Temperature of sodium carbonate solutions influenced effectiveness more than concentration or immersion period. Sodium carbonate applied for 150 s at 45°C at 3 or 4% reduced decay more than 90%. Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4% reduced blue mold by more than 50%, while 1% was ineffective. In another set of experiments, treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C. These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%. When reexamined 5 weeks later, the effectiveness of all, particularly hot water, declined. In conclusion, efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatments against blue mold compared to that against green mold was similar after storage at 20°C but proved inferior during long-term cold storage.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water controlled blue mold on inoculated oranges at 50 to 55°C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Hot watere2
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicum
Penicillium italicume1pathogen - Outcome
- blue molde2
- Direction
- controllede2
- Qualifier
- at 50 to 55°Ce2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e2“Hot water controlled blue mold at 50 to 55°C, temperatures near those that injured fruit, and its effectiveness declined after 14 days of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of hot water against blue mold declined after 14 days of storage.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Hot watere2
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- effectivenesse2
- Direction
- declinede2
- Qualifier
- after 14 days of storagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e2“Hot water controlled blue mold at 50 to 55°C, temperatures near those that injured fruit, and its effectiveness declined after 14 days of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium carbonate was superior to hot water in controlling blue mold on oranges.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Sodium carbonatee3
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- superiore3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Comparator
- hot watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e3“Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were superior to hot water”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate was superior to hot water in controlling blue mold on oranges.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Sodium bicarbonatee3
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- superiore3
- Direction
- superiore3
- Comparator
- hot watere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e3“Sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were superior to hot water”
Claim · model-written summary
The temperature of sodium carbonate solutions influenced control effectiveness more than their concentration or the immersion period.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Temperature of sodium carbonate solutionse4
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- effectivenesse4
- Direction
- influencede4
- Comparator
- concentration or immersion periode4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e4“Temperature of sodium carbonate solutions influenced effectiveness more than concentration or immersion period”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium carbonate applied for 150 s at 45°C at 3 or 4% reduced decay on oranges by more than 90%.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Sodium carbonate applied for 150 s at 45°C at 3 or 4%e5
- Outcome
- decaye5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Value
- more than 90%e5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e5“Sodium carbonate applied for 150 s at 45°C at 3 or 4% reduced decay more than 90%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4% reduced blue mold by more than 50%.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4%e6
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- blue molde6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- more than 50%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e6“Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4% reduced blue mold by more than 50%, while 1% was ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate at 1% applied at room temperature was ineffective against blue mold.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- 1%e6
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- blue molde6
- Direction
- ineffectivee6
- Qualifier
- Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperaturee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e6“Sodium bicarbonate applied at room temperature at 2 to 4% reduced blue mold by more than 50%, while 1% was ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate at room temperature reduced blue mold incidence on inoculated oranges to 6% after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- sodium bicarbonate at room temperaturee7
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- blue mold incidencee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 6e7
- Qualifier
- after 3 weeks of storage at 3°Ce7
- Comparator
- controlse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium carbonate at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on inoculated oranges to 14% after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- sodium carbonate at 45°Ce7
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- blue mold incidencee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 14e7
- Qualifier
- after 3 weeks of storage at 3°Ce7
- Comparator
- controlse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on inoculated oranges to 27% after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- hot water at 45°Ce7
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- blue mold incidencee7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 27%e7
- Qualifier
- after 3 weeks of storage at 3°Ce7
- Comparator
- controlse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate at room temperature reduced green mold incidence to 6% on oranges, while controls were about 100%.
Verbatim
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium carbonate at 45°C reduced green mold incidence to 1% on oranges, while controls were about 100%.
Verbatim
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
Hot water at 45°C reduced green mold incidence to 12% on oranges, while controls were about 100%.
Verbatim
e7“treatments of sodium bicarbonate at room temperature, sodium carbonate at 45°C, and hot water at 45°C reduced blue mold incidence on artificially inoculated oranges to 6, 14, and 27%, respectively, after 3 weeks of storage at 3°C”
e6“These treatments reduced green mold incidence to 6, 1, and 12%, respectively, while incidence among controls of both molds was about 100%”
Claim · model-written summary
When reexamined 5 weeks later, the effectiveness of all treatments, particularly hot water, against blue mold on oranges had declined.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- hot watere5
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- effectivenesse5
- Direction
- declinede5
- Qualifier
- 5 weeks latere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e5“When reexamined 5 weeks later, the effectiveness of all, particularly hot water, declined”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate against blue mold was similar to that against green mold after storage at 20°C.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatmentse4
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacye4
- Direction
- similare4
- Qualifier
- after storage at 20°Ce4
- Comparator
- green molde4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e4“efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatments against blue mold compared to that against green mold was similar after storage at 20°C but proved inferior during long-term cold storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate against blue mold proved inferior to that against green mold during long-term cold storage.
- Taxon
- orangese1
- Treatment
- hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatmentse4
- Interactor
- Penicillium italicumPenicillium italicume1pathogen
- Outcome
- efficacye4
- Direction
- inferiore4
- Qualifier
- during long-term cold storagee4
- Comparator
- green molde4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Control of citrus blue mold, caused by Penicillium italicum, was evaluated on artificially inoculated oranges”
e4“efficacy of hot water, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate treatments against blue mold compared to that against green mold was similar after storage at 20°C but proved inferior during long-term cold storage”
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