Abstract
SummaryChemical fungicides currently provide the primary means for controlling postharvest decay in citrus fruit. However, consumer demands for pesticide-free food and the development of pathogenic strains that are resistant to currently used fungicides necessitates the development of alternative methods for decay control. In the present study, we show that the integrated application of various “safe” postharvest treatments, including hot-water rinsing and brushing (HWB), sodium bicarbonate (SBC) (baking soda) and biocontrol by yeast antagonists, can reduce decay development almost as well as imazalil. Application of HWB (62°C for 20 s), SBC (2%, W/V) or Candida oleophila yeast cells (108 cells ml–1) 24 h after artificial inoculation of grapefruit with Pencillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. reduced decay development in the infected wounds by 68, 61 or 23%, respectively. The combination of any two of these treatments or all three of them together reduced decay by 87 to 89% from the level in untreated control fruit. Similarly, HWB, SBC or yeast antagonists reduced decay development following natural infection of wounded fruit by 42, 72 and 69%, respectively. The combination of any two of these treatments or all three together reduced decay by 87 to 90% from that in control fruit. HWB and SBC had sanitizing effects and could disinfect inoculated wounds, while C. oleophila and SBC gave residual protection against later infection in the treated wounds. Postharvest storage experiments with ‘Shamouti’ orange and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit showed that combined treatments of HWB and yeasts, HWB and SBC, and SBC and yeasts reduced decay development by an average of 80–85% as compared with a 95% reduction observed for imazalil. Thus, the combination of different fungicide-free safe postharvest treatments may be almost as effective as commercial treatment with imazalil.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Integrated safe treatments reduced citrus decay almost as well as imazalil.
- Treatment
- integrated application of various “safe” postharvest treatmentse0
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Comparator
- imazalile0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the integrated application of various “safe” postharvest treatments, including hot-water rinsing and brushing (HWB), sodium bicarbonate (SBC) (baking soda) and biocontrol by yeast antagonists, can reduce decay development almost as well as imazalil”
t0“citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
HWB reduced decay in inoculated grapefruit wounds by 68%.
- Taxon
- grapefruit
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=60)
Citrus ×paradisie0 - Treatment
- HWB (62°C for 20 s)e0
- Interactor
- Pencillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 68e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pompelino_Grapefruit_002.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Application of HWB (62°C for 20 s), SBC (2%, W/V) or Candida oleophila yeast cells (108 cells ml–1) 24 h after artificial inoculation of grapefruit with Pencillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. reduced decay development in the infected wounds by 68, 61 or 23%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC reduced decay in inoculated grapefruit wounds by 61%.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Treatment
- SBC (2%, W/V)e0
- Interactor
- Pencillium digitatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 61e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HWB (62°C for 20 s), SBC (2%, W/V) or Candida oleophila yeast cells (108 cells ml–1) 24 h after artificial inoculation of grapefruit with Pencillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. reduced decay development in the infected wounds by 68, 61 or 23%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Candida oleophila reduced decay in inoculated grapefruit wounds by 23%.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Treatment
- Candida oleophila yeast cells (108 cells ml–1)e0
- Interactor
- Pencillium digitatume0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Candida oleophilaDujonia oleophilae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of HWB (62°C for 20 s), SBC (2%, W/V) or Candida oleophila yeast cells (108 cells ml–1) 24 h after artificial inoculation of grapefruit with Pencillium digitatum (Pers.: Fr.) Sacc. reduced decay development in the infected wounds by 68, 61 or 23%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining two or three treatments reduced decay after artificial inoculation by 87 to 89% versus untreated fruit.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of any two of these treatments or all three of them together reduced decay by 87 to 89% from the level in untreated control fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
HWB reduced decay after natural infection by 42%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“HWB, SBC or yeast antagonists reduced decay development following natural infection of wounded fruit by 42, 72 and 69%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC reduced decay after natural infection by 72%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“HWB, SBC or yeast antagonists reduced decay development following natural infection of wounded fruit by 42, 72 and 69%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast antagonists reduced decay after natural infection by 69%.
- Taxon
- fruite0
- Treatment
- yeast antagonistse0
- Interactor
- yeast antagonistse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 69%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“HWB, SBC or yeast antagonists reduced decay development following natural infection of wounded fruit by 42, 72 and 69%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining two or three treatments reduced natural-infection decay by 87 to 90%.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of any two of these treatments or all three together reduced decay by 87 to 90% from that in control fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
HWB disinfected inoculated wounds.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HWB and SBC had sanitizing effects and could disinfect inoculated wounds”
t0“citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC disinfected inoculated wounds.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HWB and SBC had sanitizing effects and could disinfect inoculated wounds”
t0“citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
C. oleophila provided residual protection from later wound infection.
- Treatment
- C. oleophilae0
- Interactor
- C. oleophilaDujonia oleophilae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- residual protection against later infectione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. oleophila and SBC gave residual protection against later infection in the treated wounds”
t0“citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
SBC provided residual protection from later wound infection.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. oleophila and SBC gave residual protection against later infection in the treated wounds”
t0“citrus fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined postharvest treatments reduced storage decay by 80–85% versus 95% for imazalil.
Verbatim
e0“Postharvest storage experiments with ‘Shamouti’ orange and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit showed that combined treatments of HWB and yeasts, HWB and SBC, and SBC and yeasts reduced decay development by an average of 80–85% as compared with a 95% reduction observed for imazalil”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazalil reduced storage decay by 95%.
- Taxon
- grapefruitCitrus ×paradisie0
- Material
- ‘Star Ruby’e0
- Treatment
- imazalile0
- Outcome
- decay developmente0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 95%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Postharvest storage experiments with ‘Shamouti’ orange and ‘Star Ruby’ grapefruit showed that combined treatments of HWB and yeasts, HWB and SBC, and SBC and yeasts reduced decay development by an average of 80–85% as compared with a 95% reduction observed for imazalil”
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.