Abstract
Three new fungicides, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, that belong to different chemical classes are highly effective in managing citrus green mold and are being registered for postharvest use in the United States. Recirculating in-line drenches provided a significantly improved efficacy compared with standard low-volume spray applications. To prevent pathogen contamination of drench solutions, two oxidizing disinfectants, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide/peroxyacetic acid (HPPA) solutions, were evaluated. Inhibition of conidial germination of Penicillium digitatum was dependent on the pH of the solution and the exposure time for each sanitizing agent. Chlorine (50 mg/liter) and HPPA (2,700 mg/liter) effectively inhibited germination in 40- and 240-s exposures, respectively, at pH 7. All fungicides tested were compatible and effective with HPPA, whereas fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, and thiabendazole, but not imazalil and pyrimethanil, were compatible with chlorine. In laboratory studies, sodium bicarbonate (SBC, 3%) significantly increased the efficacy of the three fungicides (250 mg/liter) and had no adverse effect on their stability in aqueous solutions. Fludioxonil (300 mg/liter)-SBC mixtures were still highly effective when applied 24 h after fruit inoculation. In experimental packingline studies, SBC or SBC-chlorine improved the efficacy of fludioxonil, whereas azoxystrobin was effective with and without these additives. Heating of drench solutions of fludioxonil (300 mg/liter) to 50°C did not improve decay control. In conclusion, in-line recirculating drench applications and fungicide-sanitizer-SBC mixtures significantly increased fungicide efficacy and provide an integrated approach for optimizing fungicide efficacy. These strategies also should minimize the selection for resistant isolates of the pathogen.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin was highly effective against citrus green mold.
CitrusNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three new fungicides, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, that belong to different chemical classes are highly effective in managing citrus green mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil was highly effective against citrus green mold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three new fungicides, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, that belong to different chemical classes are highly effective in managing citrus green mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyrimethanil was highly effective against citrus green mold.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Three new fungicides, azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, and pyrimethanil, that belong to different chemical classes are highly effective in managing citrus green mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Recirculating drenches significantly improved efficacy over low volume sprays.
- Treatment
- Recirculating in-line drenchese0
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- standard low-volume spray applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Recirculating in-line drenches provided a significantly improved efficacy compared with standard low-volume spray applications.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Disinfectant inhibition of P. digitatum germination depended on pH and exposure time.
- Treatment
- sanitizing agente0
- Interactor
- Penicillium digitatum
Penicillium digitatume0pathogen - Outcome
- conidial germination of Penicillium digitatume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of conidial germination of Penicillium digitatum was dependent on the pH of the solution and the exposure time for each sanitizing agent.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine inhibited pathogen germination after a 40 second exposure at pH 7.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorine (50 mg/liter) and HPPA (2,700 mg/liter) effectively inhibited germination in 40- and 240-s exposures, respectively, at pH 7.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
HPPA inhibited pathogen germination after a 240 second exposure at pH 7.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorine (50 mg/liter) and HPPA (2,700 mg/liter) effectively inhibited germination in 40- and 240-s exposures, respectively, at pH 7.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested fungicides were compatible and effective with HPPA.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fungicides tested were compatible and effective with HPPA”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil, azoxystrobin and thiabendazole were compatible with chlorine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, and thiabendazole, but not imazalil and pyrimethanil, were compatible with chlorine.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazalil and pyrimethanil were incompatible with chlorine.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, and thiabendazole, but not imazalil and pyrimethanil, were compatible with chlorine.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate significantly increased efficacy of the three fungicides.
- Treatment
- sodium bicarbonate (SBC, 3%)e0
- Outcome
- efficacy of the three fungicidese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory studies, sodium bicarbonate (SBC, 3%) significantly increased the efficacy of the three fungicides (250 mg/liter) and had no adverse effect on their stability in aqueous solutions.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate had no adverse effect on fungicide stability.
- Treatment
- sodium bicarbonate (SBC, 3%)e0
- Outcome
- stability in aqueous solutionse0
- Direction
- no adverse effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In laboratory studies, sodium bicarbonate (SBC, 3%) significantly increased the efficacy of the three fungicides (250 mg/liter) and had no adverse effect on their stability in aqueous solutions.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil and bicarbonate remained highly effective 24 hours after fruit inoculation.
- Treatment
- Fludioxonil (300 mg/liter)-SBC mixturese0
- Outcome
- highly effectivee0
- Qualifier
- 24 h after fruit inoculatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fludioxonil (300 mg/liter)-SBC mixtures were still highly effective when applied 24 h after fruit inoculation.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium bicarbonate improved fludioxonil efficacy in packingline studies.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experimental packingline studies, SBC or SBC-chlorine improved the efficacy of fludioxonil, whereas azoxystrobin was effective with and without these additives.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Bicarbonate with chlorine improved fludioxonil efficacy.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experimental packingline studies, SBC or SBC-chlorine improved the efficacy of fludioxonil, whereas azoxystrobin was effective with and without these additives.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin was effective both with and without additives.
- Outcome
- effective with and without these additivese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“azoxystrobin was effective with and without these additives.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
Claim · model-written summary
Heating fludioxonil drench to 50°C did not improve decay control.
- Treatment
- Heating of drench solutions of fludioxonil (300 mg/liter) to 50°Ce0
- Outcome
- decay controle0
- Direction
- did not improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heating of drench solutions of fludioxonil (300 mg/liter) to 50°C did not improve decay control.”
t0“Citrus Green Mold”
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