Abstract
The influence of pecan [ Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] leaflet bronzing, a discoloration of the lower surface, on foliar physiology and nut-meat yield is unknown. Field investigations indicate that bronzing can adversely affect foliage by reducing net photoassimilation ( A ), stomatal conductance ( s gw ), and transpiration ( E ) while also altering stomatal aperture and cellular structure, and increasing temperature. Kernel weight and fill percentage are also reduced. Research indicated that foliar A declined in proportion to degree of bronze coloration, with negative A exhibited by heavily bronzed foliage. A by bronzed foliage did not increase as light levels exceeded ≈250 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 . Within the same compound leaf, nonbronzed leaflets adjacent to bronzed leaflets exhibited greater than normal A . Bronzed leaflets also exhibited lower s gw to water vapor, less transpirational H 2 O loss, and higher afternoon leaf temperature. Light micrographs of bronzed foliage indicated abnormal epidermal and spongy mesophyll cells. Weight and percentage of kernel comprising the nut declined on shoots supporting foliage bronzing in July to August, but was unaffected when bronzing occurred in September to October. Bronzing of pecan foliage can therefore be of both physiological and economic significance.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzing reduced pecan net photoassimilation, stomatal conductance and transpiration.
- Taxon
- Pecan
_1_(24790682337).jpg?width=60)
Carya illinoinensist0 - Outcome
- net photoassimilation ( A ), stomatal conductance ( s gw ), and transpiration ( E )e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_1_(24790682337).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“bronzing can adversely affect foliage by reducing net photoassimilation ( A ), stomatal conductance ( s gw ), and transpiration ( E )”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzing altered pecan stomatal aperture and cellular structure.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- stomatal aperture and cellular structuree0
- Direction
- alteringe0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bronzing can adversely affect foliage by reducing net photoassimilation ( A ), stomatal conductance ( s gw ), and transpiration ( E ) while also altering stomatal aperture and cellular structure”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzing increased pecan foliage temperature.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing temperature”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernel weight and fill percentage were reduced with pecan bronzing.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- Kernel weight and fill percentagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel weight and fill percentage are also reduced.”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Pecan foliar photoassimilation declined with bronze coloration, becoming negative in heavily bronzed foliage.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- foliar Ae0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- heavily bronzed foliagee0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar A declined in proportion to degree of bronze coloration, with negative A exhibited by heavily bronzed foliage”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoassimilation in bronzed pecan foliage did not rise above about 250 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 light.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Value
- ≈250 μmol·m -2 ·s -1e0
- Qualifier
- bronzed foliagee0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A by bronzed foliage did not increase as light levels exceeded ≈250 μmol·m -2 ·s -1”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonbronzed leaflets next to bronzed leaflets had greater than normal photoassimilation.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Organ / stage
- nonbronzed leafletse0
- Outcome
- Ae0
- Direction
- greater than normale0
- Comparator
- normale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nonbronzed leaflets adjacent to bronzed leaflets exhibited greater than normal A”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzed leaflets had lower stomatal conductance to water vapor and less transpiration.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Organ / stage
- Bronzed leafletse0
- Outcome
- s gw to water vapor, less transpirational H 2 O losse0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bronzed leaflets also exhibited lower s gw to water vapor, less transpirational H 2 O loss”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzed leaflets had higher afternoon leaf temperature.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Organ / stage
- Bronzed leafletse0
- Outcome
- afternoon leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bronzed leaflets also exhibited lower s gw to water vapor, less transpirational H 2 O loss, and higher afternoon leaf temperature”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
Bronzed pecan foliage showed abnormal epidermal and spongy mesophyll cells.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Organ / stage
- bronzed foliagee0
- Outcome
- abnormal epidermal and spongy mesophyll cellse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Light micrographs of bronzed foliage indicated abnormal epidermal and spongy mesophyll cells”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
July to August pecan bronzing reduced kernel weight and kernel percentage.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- Weight and percentage of kernel comprising the nute0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Qualifier
- in July to Auguste0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weight and percentage of kernel comprising the nut declined on shoots supporting foliage bronzing in July to August”
t0“Pecan”
Claim · model-written summary
September to October pecan bronzing did not change kernel weight or percentage.
- Taxon
- PecanCarya illinoinensist0
- Outcome
- Weight and percentage of kernel comprising the nute1
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- September to Octobere0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but was unaffected when bronzing occurred in September to October”
e1“Weight and percentage of kernel comprising the nut declined on shoots supporting foliage bronzing in July to August”
t0“Pecan”