Abstract
Changes in pasture yield and botanical composition due to gypsum application were examined on Vertosols at two locations of differing soil sodicity, Grogan and Morangarell, in southern New South Wales. Two pasture treatments were examined. One was an annual pasture comprised of 3 annual legumes (2 subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum L. cultivars, Clare and Riverina, and balansa clover T. michelianum Savi cv. Paradana), while the second treatment consisted of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cv. Aquarius sown in a mixture with the same annual legumes. Gypsum had no effect on the establishment or persistence of lucerne at either site. Gypsum increased the number of subterranean clover seedlings present in autumn in annual swards at the more sodic Grogan site in each of the 4 years, but provided no difference when the clover was in a mixture with lucerne. Annual legume seed yields in annual-only swards increased with gypsum by up to 58% at Grogan and 38% at Morangarell. Seed yields of both cultivars of subterranean clover declined as a proportion of the total annual legume seed bank when lucerne was included in the mixture, in contrast to balansa clover (at Grogan) and the naturalised annual legumes, burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) and woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne. Total pasture production at the Grogan site increased with gypsum by up to 15% per annum in annual swards and 36% in lucerne swards depending on the season. Yield responses to gypsum by the lucerne component were observed in 10 of the 13 seasonal yield measurements taken at Grogan. However, total pasture yield and seasonal yields were unaffected by both gypsum and pasture type at the less sodic Morangarell site. It was concluded that sowing a diverse mixture of annual legumes or polycultures was conducive to maintaining productive pastures on these spatially variable soils. Lucerne dried the soil profile (0.15–1.15 m) more than annual pastures at both sites. The combination of gypsum and lucerne enhanced water extraction at depth (0.6–1.15 m) at the Grogan site increasing the size of the dry soil buffer whereas gypsum increased soil water at depth (>0.6 m) under annual swards.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum did not affect lucerne establishment or persistence at either site.
- Taxon
- lucerne
Medicago sativae0 - Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- establishment or persistencee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum had no effect on the establishment or persistence of lucerne at either site”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased subterranean clover seedling numbers in autumn annual swards at Grogan in all four years.
- Taxon
- subterranean clover
Trifolium subterraneume0 - Treatment
- Gypsume0
- Outcome
- number of subterranean clover seedlingse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in each of the 4 yearse0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gypsum increased the number of subterranean clover seedlings present in autumn in annual swards at the more sodic Grogan site in each of the 4 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum produced no difference in subterranean clover seedlings mixed with lucerne.
- Taxon
- subterranean cloverTrifolium subterraneume1
- Treatment
- Gypsume1
- Outcome
- clovere0
- Direction
- no differencee0
- Qualifier
- in a mixture with lucernee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but provided no difference when the clover was in a mixture with lucerne”
e1“Gypsum increased the number of subterranean clover seedlings present in autumn in annual swards at the more sodic Grogan site in each of the 4 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased annual legume seed yield in annual only swards at Grogan by up to 58%.
- Taxon
- Annual legumee0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 58%e0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Annual legume seed yields in annual-only swards increased with gypsum by up to 58% at Grogan and 38% at Morangarell”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased annual legume seed yield in annual only swards at Morangarell by 38%.
- Taxon
- Annual legumee0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- seed yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Setting
- Morangarelle0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Annual legume seed yields in annual-only swards increased with gypsum by up to 58% at Grogan and 38% at Morangarell”
Claim · model-written summary
With lucerne, both subterranean clover cultivars declined in relative seed yield.
- Taxon
- subterranean cloverTrifolium subterraneume0
- Treatment
- lucerne was included in the mixturee0
- Outcome
- Seed yieldse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yields of both cultivars of subterranean clover declined as a proportion of the total annual legume seed bank when lucerne was included in the mixture”
Claim · model-written summary
With lucerne, balansa clover at Grogan increased in relative seed yield.
- Taxon
- balansa clovere0
- Treatment
- lucernee0
- Outcome
- relative seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“balansa clover (at Grogan) and the naturalised annual legumes, burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) and woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
With lucerne, burr medic increased in relative seed yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“burr medic (M. polymorpha L.) and woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
With lucerne, woolly clover increased in relative seed yield.
- Taxon
- woolly clover
.jpg?width=60)
Trifolium tomentosume0 - Treatment
- lucernee0
- Outcome
- relative seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“woolly clover (T. tomentosum L.), which all increased in relative seed yield in the presence of lucerne”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased total annual sward production at Grogan by up to 15% per year, depending on season.
- Taxon
- annual pasture legumest0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Total pasture productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- up to 15% per annume0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Total pasture production at the Grogan site increased with gypsum by up to 15% per annum in annual swards and 36% in lucerne swards depending on the season”
t0“annual pasture legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased total lucerne sward production at Grogan by 36%, depending on season.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Total pasture productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total pasture production at the Grogan site increased with gypsum by up to 15% per annum in annual swards and 36% in lucerne swards depending on the season”
Claim · model-written summary
Lucerne seasonal yield responded to gypsum in 10 of 13 measurements at Grogan.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- Yield responsese0
- Value
- 10 of the 13e0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield responses to gypsum by the lucerne component were observed in 10 of the 13 seasonal yield measurements taken at Grogan”
Claim · model-written summary
At Morangarell, gypsum and pasture type did not affect total or seasonal pasture yields.
- Taxon
- lucerne and annual pasture legumest0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- total pasture yield and seasonal yieldse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Setting
- Morangarelle0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“total pasture yield and seasonal yields were unaffected by both gypsum and pasture type at the less sodic Morangarell site”
t0“lucerne and annual pasture legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Lucerne dried soil from 0.15 to 1.15 m more than annual pasture at both sites.
- Taxon
- LucerneMedicago sativae0
- Outcome
- dried the soil profilee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 0.15–1.15 me0
- Comparator
- annual pasturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lucerne dried the soil profile (0.15–1.15 m) more than annual pastures at both sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum with lucerne enhanced deep water extraction at Grogan and enlarged the dry soil buffer.
- Taxon
- lucerneMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- combination of gypsum and lucernee0
- Outcome
- water extraction at depthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 0.6–1.15 me0
- Setting
- Grogane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of gypsum and lucerne enhanced water extraction at depth (0.6–1.15 m) at the Grogan site increasing the size of the dry soil buffer”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum increased deep soil water under annual swards.
- Taxon
- annual pasture legumest0
- Treatment
- gypsume0
- Outcome
- soil water at depthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- >0.6 me0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“gypsum increased soil water at depth (>0.6 m) under annual swards”
t0“annual pasture legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude diverse annual legume mixtures support productive pasture on spatially variable soils.
Verbatim
e0“sowing a diverse mixture of annual legumes or polycultures was conducive to maintaining productive pastures on these spatially variable soils”
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