Abstract
Following exposure to salinity, the root/shoot ratio is increased (an important adaptive response) due to the rapid inhibition of shoot growth (which limits plant productivity) while root growth is maintained. Both processes may be regulated by changes in plant hormone concentrations. Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv Moneymaker) were cultivated hydroponically for 3 weeks under high salinity (100 mM NaCl) and five major plant hormones (abscisic acid, ABA; the cytokinins zeatin, Z, and zeatin-riboside, ZR; the auxin indole-3-acetic acid, IAA; and the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC) were determined weekly in roots, xylem sap, and leaves. Salinity reduced shoot biomass by 50-60% and photosynthetic area by 20-25% both by decreasing leaf expansion and delaying leaf appearance, while root growth was less affected, thus increasing the root/shoot ratio. ABA and ACC concentrations strongly increased in roots, xylem sap, and leaves after 1 d (ABA) and 15 d (ACC) of salinization. By contrast, cytokinins and IAA were differentially affected in roots and shoots. Salinity dramatically decreased the Z+ZR content of the plant, and induced the conversion of ZR into Z, especially in the roots, which accounted for the relative increase of cytokinins in the roots compared to the leaf. IAA concentration was also strongly decreased in the leaves while it accumulated in the roots. Decreased cytokinin content and its transport from the root to the shoot were probably induced by the basipetal transport of auxin from the shoot to the root. The auxin/cytokinin ratio in the leaves and roots may explain both the salinity-induced decrease in shoot vigour (leaf growth and leaf number) and the shift in biomass allocation to the roots, in agreement with changes in the activity of the sink-related enzyme cell wall invertase.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced tomato shoot biomass by 50–60%.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50-60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity reduced shoot biomass by 50-60% and photosynthetic area by 20-25% both by decreasing leaf expansion and delaying leaf appearance, while root growth was less affected, thus increasing the root/shoot ratio.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced photosynthetic area by 20–25%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 20-25%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity reduced shoot biomass by 50-60% and photosynthetic area by 20-25% both by decreasing leaf expansion and delaying leaf appearance, while root growth was less affected, thus increasing the root/shoot ratio.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased leaf expansion.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- leaf expansione0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both by decreasing leaf expansion and delaying leaf appearance”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity delayed leaf appearance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- leaf appearancee0
- Direction
- delayinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both by decreasing leaf expansion and delaying leaf appearance”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root growth was less affected by salinity than shoot growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- less affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while root growth was less affected, thus increasing the root/shoot ratio.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased the root to shoot ratio.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- salinitye1
- Outcome
- root/shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while root growth was less affected, thus increasing the root/shoot ratio.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA concentrations increased in roots, xylem sap, and leaves after one day of salinization.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, xylem sap, and leavese0
- Treatment
- salinizatione0
- Outcome
- ABAe0
- Direction
- strongly increasede0
- Qualifier
- 1 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA and ACC concentrations strongly increased in roots, xylem sap, and leaves after 1 d (ABA) and 15 d (ACC) of salinization.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC concentrations increased in roots, xylem sap, and leaves after 15 days of salinization.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- roots, xylem sap, and leavese0
- Treatment
- salinizatione0
- Outcome
- ACC concentrationse0
- Direction
- strongly increasede0
- Qualifier
- 15 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA and ACC concentrations strongly increased in roots, xylem sap, and leaves after 1 d (ABA) and 15 d (ACC) of salinization.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased total plant Z+ZR content.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye0
- Outcome
- Z+ZR contente0
- Direction
- dramatically decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity dramatically decreased the Z+ZR content of the plant,”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity induced ZR conversion to Z, especially in roots.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- conversion of ZR into Ze0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced the conversion of ZR into Z, especially in the roots,”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root cytokinin concentration increased relative to leaves under salinity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- cytokinins in the rootse0
- Direction
- relative increasee0
- Comparator
- leafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which accounted for the relative increase of cytokinins in the roots compared to the leaf.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity decreased IAA concentration in leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- IAA concentratione0
- Direction
- strongly decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAA concentration was also strongly decreased in the leaves while it accumulated in the roots.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA accumulated in roots under salinity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Salinitye1
- Outcome
- IAA concentratione0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IAA concentration was also strongly decreased in the leaves while it accumulated in the roots.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed that shoot-to-root auxin transport caused lower cytokinin content and root-to-shoot cytokinin transport.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Decreased cytokinin content and its transport from the root to the shoote0
- Qualifier
- basipetal transport of auxin from the shoot to the roote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Decreased cytokinin content and its transport from the root to the shoot were probably induced by the basipetal transport of auxin from the shoot to the root.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors proposed that leaf and root auxin to cytokinin ratios explain reduced shoot vigor and altered root allocation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- cell wall invertasee0
- Outcome
- salinity-induced decrease in shoot vigour (leaf growth and leaf number) and the shift in biomass allocation to the rootse0
- Qualifier
- auxin/cytokinin ratio in the leaves and rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The auxin/cytokinin ratio in the leaves and roots may explain both the salinity-induced decrease in shoot vigour (leaf growth and leaf number) and the shift in biomass allocation to the roots, in agreement with changes in the activity of the sink-related enzyme cell wall invertase.”
t0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)”
e1“high salinity (100 mM NaCl)”
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