Abstract
ABSTRACT During the year 1999, two field experiments (Experiments 1 and 2) were conducted at the University of Wales Aberystwyth U.K., to investigate the effects of soil and foliar applied sulphur (S) in wheat, in terms of its potential as a growth regulator and to compare the effects with that of commercial growth regulators, chlormequat (CC) and gibberellic acid (GA3). Foliar S (Thiovit 80% S) was applied to the spring wheat variety Axona at Zadoks growth stage (GS) 23 (tillering) in experiment 1, and at GS 30 and 32 (stem extension) in experiment 2. Treatments applied at GS 23 were: untreated control, micronized sulphur (Thiovit, 80% sulphur) at 10 kg/ha and 20 kg/ha, chlormequat (CC) at 2.5 L/ha and gibberellic acid (GA3) at 75 g/ha. Treatments applied in experiment 2 at GS 30 and 32 were similar apart from GA3, which was not included. In experiment 1 (applications at GS 23), grain yield was unaffected by the treatments applied, although both S and CC appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity. The internode lengths and the main stem-lengths were not affected with S application. In contrast, CC applications reduced all but the basal internode lengths, while GA3 application increased internode lengths and overall stem length. In experiment 2 (applications at GS 30 and 32), the grain yield was again unaffected by S or CC. However, the stem length was reduced and the unit stem weight was increased following the application of S, though not to the same magnitude as with CC, and S at 20 kg/ha was more effective than S at 10 kg/ha. It was concluded that S, when applied at tillering (GS 23) in spring wheat, did not show potential as a growth regulator. However, when applied at the beginning of stem extension (GS 30 and 32), it did show potential to reduce the stem length and thereby increase the crops resistance to lodging. This is of particular relevance for use in low input, sustainable, and organic wheat production systems where the use of artificial plant growth regulators is discouraged or forbidden. Here, the use of foliar applied S as a potential stem shortener, coupled with its recognized fungicidal properties, make it an attractive and acceptable input.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At GS 23, grain yield was unaffected by the treatments.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- treatments appliede0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- GS 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experiment 1 (applications at GS 23), grain yield was unaffected by the treatments applied, although both S and CC appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur at GS 23 appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- number of ears at maturitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- GS 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experiment 1 (applications at GS 23), grain yield was unaffected by the treatments applied, although both S and CC appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlormequat at GS 23 appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCe0
- Outcome
- number of ears at maturitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- GS 23e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experiment 1 (applications at GS 23), grain yield was unaffected by the treatments applied, although both S and CC appeared to increase the number of ears at maturity.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur did not affect internode or main stem lengths at GS 23.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S applicatione0
- Outcome
- internode lengths and the main stem-lengthse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The internode lengths and the main stem-lengths were not affected with S application.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlormequat reduced all internode lengths except basal internodes.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CC applicationse0
- Outcome
- internode lengthse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- all but the basale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, CC applications reduced all but the basal internode lengths, while GA3 application increased internode lengths and overall stem length.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid increased internode and overall stem lengths.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GA3 applicatione0
- Outcome
- internode lengths and overall stem lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, CC applications reduced all but the basal internode lengths, while GA3 application increased internode lengths and overall stem length.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At GS 30 and 32, sulphur did not affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- GS 30 and 32e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experiment 2 (applications at GS 30 and 32), the grain yield was again unaffected by S or CC.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At GS 30 and 32, chlormequat did not affect grain yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- CCe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- GS 30 and 32e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In experiment 2 (applications at GS 30 and 32), the grain yield was again unaffected by S or CC.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur at GS 30 and 32 reduced stem length.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of Se0
- Outcome
- stem lengthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- not to the same magnitude as with CCe0
- Comparator
- CCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the stem length was reduced and the unit stem weight was increased following the application of S, though not to the same magnitude as with CC, and S at 20 kg/ha was more effective than S at 10 kg/ha.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur at GS 30 and 32 increased unit stem weight.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- application of Se0
- Outcome
- unit stem weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the stem length was reduced and the unit stem weight was increased following the application of S, though not to the same magnitude as with CC, and S at 20 kg/ha was more effective than S at 10 kg/ha.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur at 20 kg/ha was more effective than at 10 kg/ha for shortening stems.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- S at 20 kg/hae0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- S at 10 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S at 20 kg/ha was more effective than S at 10 kg/ha.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur applied at tillering did not show potential as a growth regulator.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- tillering (GS 23)e0
- Treatment
- Se0
- Outcome
- did not show potential as a growth regulatore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was concluded that S, when applied at tillering (GS 23) in spring wheat, did not show potential as a growth regulator.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulphur at early stem extension was suggested to shorten stems and increase lodging resistance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- beginning of stem extension (GS 30 and 32)e0
- Outcome
- reduce the stem length and thereby increase the crops resistance to lodginge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, when applied at the beginning of stem extension (GS 30 and 32), it did show potential to reduce the stem length and thereby increase the crops resistance to lodging.”
t0“Wheat”
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