Abstract
• Hardened floral bracts and modifications to the inflorescence axis of grasses have been hypothesized to protect seeds from predation and/or aid seed dispersal, and have evolved multiple times independently within the family. Previous studies have demonstrated that mutations in the maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) gene teosinte glume architecture (tga1) underlie a reduction in hardened structures, yielding free fruits that are easy to harvest. It remains unclear whether the causative mutation(s) occurred in the cis-regulatory or protein-coding regions of tga1, and whether similar mutations in TGA1-like genes can explain variation in the dispersal unit in related grasses. • To address these questions TGA1-like genes were cloned and sequenced from a number of grasses and analyzed phylogenetically in relation to morphology; protein expression was investigated by immunolocalization. • TGA1-like proteins were expressed throughout the spikelet in the early development of all grasses, and throughout the flower of the grass relative Joinvillea. Later in development, expression patterns differed between Tripsacum dactyloides, maize and teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis). • These results suggest an ancestral role for TGA1-like genes in early spikelet development, but do not support the hypothesis that TGA1-like genes have been repeatedly modified to affect glume and inflorescence axis diversification.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
TGA1-like proteins were expressed throughout early spikelets in all grasses.
Verbatim
e0“TGA1-like proteins were expressed throughout the spikelet in the early development of all grasses”
Claim · model-written summary
TGA1-like proteins were expressed throughout the early flower of Joinvillea.
- Taxon
- Joinvillea
.jpg?width=60)
Joinvilleae0 - Organ / stage
- flowere0
- Gene
- TGA1-like proteinse0
- Outcome
- throughout the flowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“TGA1-like proteins were expressed throughout the spikelet in the early development of all grasses, and throughout the flower of the grass relative Joinvillea”
t0“TGA1”
Claim · model-written summary
Later TGA1-like expression differed among Tripsacum dactyloides, maize and teosinte.
- Taxon
- Tripsacum dactyloides
Tripsacum dactyloidese0 - Gene
- TGA1t0
- Outcome
- expression patternse0
- Direction
- differede0
- Comparator
- maize and teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Later in development, expression patterns differed between Tripsacum dactyloides, maize and teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis)”
t0“TGA1”
Claim · model-written summary
Results suggest an ancestral role for TGA1-like genes in early spikelet development.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest an ancestral role for TGA1-like genes in early spikelet development”
t0“grass glumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Repeated TGA1-like gene modification does not explain glume and axis diversification.
Verbatim
e0“do not support the hypothesis that TGA1-like genes have been repeatedly modified to affect glume and inflorescence axis diversification”
t0“grass glumes”