Abstract
Different clones of the wetland grass Phragmites australis differ in their morphology and physiology, and hence in their ability to cope with environmental stress. We analysed the responses of 15 P. australis clones with distinct ploidy levels (PLs) (4n, 6n, 8n, 10n, 12n) and geographic origins (Romania, Russia, Japan, Czech Republic, Australia) to step-wise increased salinity (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 56 and 72 ppt). Shoot elongation rate, photosynthesis and plant partspecific ion accumulation were studied in order to assess if traits associated with salinity tolerance can be related to the genetic background and the geographic origin of the clones. Salt stress affected all clones, but at different rates. The maximum height was reduced from 1860 mm in control plants to 660 mm at 40 ppt salinity. The shoot elongation rate of salt-exposed plants varied significantly between clones until 40 ppt salinity. The light-saturated photosynthesis rate (P max ) was stimulated by a salinity of 8 ppt, but decreased significantly at higher salinities. The stomatal conductance (g s ) and the transpiration rate (E) decreased with increasing salinity. Only three clones survived at 72 ppt salinity, although their rates of photosynthesis were strongly inhibited. The roots and basal leaves of the salt-exposed plants accumulated high concentrations of water-extractable Na + (1646 and 1004 mmol g 21 dry mass (DM), respectively) and Cl 2 (1876 and 1400 mmol g 21 DM, respectively). The concentrations of water-extractable Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ were reduced in salt-exposed plants compared with controls. The variation of all the measured parameters was higher among clones than among PLs. We conclude that the salinity tolerance of distinct P. australis clones varies widely and can be partially attributed to their longitudinal geographic origin, but not to PL. Further investigation will help in improving the understanding of this species' salt tolerance mechanisms and their connection to genetic factors.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress affected clones at different rates.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australis
Phragmites australist0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- affected all clones, but at different ratese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress affected all clones, but at different rates.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum height declined from 1860 mm to 660 mm at 40 ppt salinity.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- 40 ppt salinitye0
- Outcome
- maximum heighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 660 mme0
- Qualifier
- 1860 mme0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum height was reduced from 1860 mm in control plants to 660 mm at 40 ppt salinity.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot elongation under salt exposure differed significantly among clones up to 40 ppt.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Material
- clonese0
- Outcome
- shoot elongation ratee0
- Direction
- variede0
- Qualifier
- until 40 ppt salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The shoot elongation rate of salt-exposed plants varied significantly between clones until 40 ppt salinity.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis was stimulated at 8 ppt salinity.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- salinity of 8 ppte0
- Outcome
- light-saturated photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The light-saturated photosynthesis rate (P max ) was stimulated by a salinity of 8 ppt, but decreased significantly at higher salinities.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis decreased significantly at higher salinities.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- higher salinitiese0
- Outcome
- light-saturated photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The light-saturated photosynthesis rate (P max ) was stimulated by a salinity of 8 ppt, but decreased significantly at higher salinities.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased as salinity increased.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance (g s ) and the transpiration rate (E)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stomatal conductance (g s ) and the transpiration rate (E) decreased with increasing salinity.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Only three clones survived 72 ppt salinity.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- 72 ppt salinitye0
- Outcome
- clones survivede0
- Value
- three clonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only three clones survived at 72 ppt salinity, although their rates of photosynthesis were strongly inhibited.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthesis of surviving clones was strongly inhibited at 72 ppt.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- 72 ppt salinitye0
- Outcome
- rates of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only three clones survived at 72 ppt salinity, although their rates of photosynthesis were strongly inhibited.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-exposed roots and basal leaves accumulated water-extractable Na.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Organ / stage
- roots and basal leavese0
- Outcome
- water-extractable Na +e0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 1646 and 1004 mmol g 21 dry mass (DM)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The roots and basal leaves of the salt-exposed plants accumulated high concentrations of water-extractable Na + (1646 and 1004 mmol g 21 dry mass (DM), respectively) and Cl 2 (1876 and 1400 mmol g 21 DM, respectively).”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-exposed roots and basal leaves accumulated water-extractable Cl.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Organ / stage
- roots and basal leavese0
- Outcome
- Cl 2e0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- 1876 and 1400 mmol g 21 DMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The roots and basal leaves of the salt-exposed plants accumulated high concentrations of water-extractable Na + (1646 and 1004 mmol g 21 dry mass (DM), respectively) and Cl 2 (1876 and 1400 mmol g 21 DM, respectively).”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Water-extractable Mg and Ca concentrations were reduced under salt exposure.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Treatment
- salt-exposed plantse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of water-extractable Mg 2+ and Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of water-extractable Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ were reduced in salt-exposed plants compared with controls.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Measured trait variation was greater among clones than among ploidy levels.
- Taxon
- Phragmites australisPhragmites australist0
- Material
- clonese0
- Outcome
- variation of all the measured parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- PLse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The variation of all the measured parameters was higher among clones than among PLs.”
t0“Phragmites australis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity tolerance varied widely among clones and was partly attributed to longitudinal origin, but not ploidy level.
- Taxon
- P. australisPhragmites australise0
- Material
- clonese0
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee0
- Direction
- varies widelye0
- Setting
- longitudinal geographic origine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that the salinity tolerance of distinct P. australis clones varies widely and can be partially attributed to their longitudinal geographic origin, but not to PL.”
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