Abstract
The effects of three calcium salts on conidial germination, germ tube elongation, growth in vitro, and infectivity in the laboratory and field were studied for the apple bitter rot pathogens, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. acutatum. Calcium chloride, calcium propionate, and calcium silicate at 1,000 μg of calcium per ml had no effect on conidial germination; however, calcium chloride and calcium propionate inhibited germ tube growth by 41 and 50% relative to the control, respectively. All three calcium salts reduced fungal dry weight in liquid culture media. When calcium salt solutions were applied to wounded apples prior to inoculation, fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited 30% smaller lesions than those treated with calcium silicate or the control, which were similar. Fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited delayed formation of acervuli relative to the control and calcium silicate, which were similar. When fruit were inoculated with varying concentrations of conidia, from 1 × 10 3 to 1 × 10 5 conidia per ml, fruit treated with calcium chloride exhibited reduced incidence of infection after inoculations with 1 × 10 3 conidia per ml. In all tests at 1 ×10 4 and 1 × 10 5 conidia per ml, the control and calcium salt treatments resulted in similar incidences of infection after inoculations. In six field trials, where fruit received three weekly dilute applications of calcium solutions, fruit treated with calcium salts and then inoculated with conidia of either C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum exhibited lower incidences of infection when compared with control fruit. These experiments demonstrate that calcium salts have suppressive activity against the bitter rot pathogens and could be used as part of a disease management program.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Three calcium salts did not affect conidial germination.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Calcium chloride, calcium propionate, and calcium silicate at 1,000 μg of calcium per mle0
- Outcome
- conidial germinatione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Calcium chloride, calcium propionate, and calcium silicate at 1,000 μg of calcium per ml had no effect on conidial germination”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride inhibited germ tube growth by 41%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium chloridee0
- Outcome
- germ tube growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 41e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium chloride and calcium propionate inhibited germ tube growth by 41 and 50% relative to the control, respectively.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium propionate inhibited germ tube growth by 50%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium propionatee0
- Outcome
- germ tube growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium chloride and calcium propionate inhibited germ tube growth by 41 and 50% relative to the control, respectively.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
All three calcium salts reduced fungal dry weight in culture.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- All three calcium saltse0
- Outcome
- fungal dry weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedOrgan / stageComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three calcium salts reduced fungal dry weight in liquid culture media.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride treatment produced 30% smaller fruit lesions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- calcium chloridee0
- Outcome
- lesionse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- calcium silicate or the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited 30% smaller lesions than those treated with calcium silicate or the control”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium propionate treatment produced 30% smaller fruit lesions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- calcium propionatee0
- Outcome
- lesionse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- calcium silicate or the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited 30% smaller lesions than those treated with calcium silicate or the control”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride delayed acervuli formation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium chloridee0
- Outcome
- formation of acervulie0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- the control and calcium silicatee0
Not reportedOrgan / stageValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited delayed formation of acervuli relative to the control and calcium silicate”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium propionate delayed acervuli formation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium propionatee0
- Outcome
- formation of acervulie0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- the control and calcium silicatee0
Not reportedOrgan / stageValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit treated with calcium chloride and calcium propionate exhibited delayed formation of acervuli relative to the control and calcium silicate”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium chloride reduced infection incidence at the lowest inoculum.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- calcium chloridee0
- Outcome
- incidence of infectione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit treated with calcium chloride exhibited reduced incidence of infection after inoculations with 1 × 10 3 conidia per ml.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
At higher inoculum concentrations, calcium treatments and control had similar infection incidence.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium salt treatmentse0
- Outcome
- incidences of infectione0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedOrgan / stageValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control and calcium salt treatments resulted in similar incidences of infection after inoculations.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
Field calcium treatments lowered infection incidence.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- calcium saltse0
- Outcome
- incidences of infectione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- control fruite0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit treated with calcium salts and then inoculated with conidia of either C. gloeosporioides or C. acutatum exhibited lower incidences of infection when compared with control fruit.”
t0“Apple Bitter Rot Caused by Two Colletotrichum spp.”
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See all 32 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.