Abstract
SUMMARY Soil acidity and phosphorus (P) deficiency are some of the major causes of low maize yields in Kenya. This study determined the immediate and residual effects of lime and P fertilizer on soil pH, exchangeable aluminium (Al), available P, maize grain yield, agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies on a western Kenya acid soil. The treatments were: P fertilizer (0, 26 and 52 kg P ha −1 as triple super phosphate) and lime (0, 2, 4 and 6 tons lime ha −1 ) applied once at the beginning of the study. A burnt liming material with 92.5% calcium carbonate equivalent was used. Soil samples were analysed prior to and after treatment application. The site had low soil pH–H 2 O (4.9), available P (2.3 mg kg −1 ), total N (0.17%), high Al (2.0 cmol kg −1 exchangeable Al and 29% Al saturation). Lime reduced soil pH and exchangeable Al, leading to increased soil available P. Lime at 2, 4 and 6 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. The study observed that the recommended P fertilizer rate (26 kg P ha −1 ) for maize production in Kenya was inadequate to raise soil available P to the critical level (≥10 mg P kg −1 soil bicarbonate extractable P) required for healthy maize growth. To maintain soil available P at the critical level where 52 kg P ha −1 and combined 52 kg P ha −1 + 4 tons lime ha −1 were applied, it would be necessary to reapply the same P fertilizer rate after every one and two cropping seasons, respectively. The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively. Both agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies increased with increasing rates of lime and decreased with increasing rates of P fertilizer. Therefore, combined applications of both lime and P fertilizer are important for enhancing maize production on P-deficient acid soils in western Kenya.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Lime reduced soil pH.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime reduced soil pH and exchangeable Al, leading to increased soil available P.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime reduced exchangeable soil aluminium.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime reduced soil pH and exchangeable Al, leading to increased soil available P.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime increased soil available phosphorus.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime reduced soil pH and exchangeable Al, leading to increased soil available P.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 2 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 2 years.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime at 2, 4 and 6 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 4 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 3 years.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime at 2, 4 and 6 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime at 6 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 4 years.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Lime at 2, 4 and 6 tons ha −1 maintained soil pH ≥ 5.5 for 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended 26 kg P ha −1 rate was inadequate to raise available phosphorus to the critical level.
- Treatment
- 26 kg P ha −1e0
- Outcome
- soil available Pe0
- Direction
- inadequate to raisee0
- Qualifier
- critical levele0
- Setting
- Kenyae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“the recommended P fertilizer rate (26 kg P ha −1 ) for maize production in Kenya was inadequate to raise soil available P to the critical level (≥10 mg P kg −1 soil bicarbonate extractable P)”
Claim · model-written summary
Reapplication of 52 kg P ha −1 after every cropping season was deemed necessary to maintain critical soil phosphorus.
- Treatment
- 52 kg P ha −1e0
- Outcome
- reapply the same P fertilizer ratee0
- Qualifier
- every one and two cropping seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“To maintain soil available P at the critical level where 52 kg P ha −1 and combined 52 kg P ha −1 + 4 tons lime ha −1 were applied, it would be necessary to reapply the same P fertilizer rate after every one and two cropping seasons, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reapplication after two cropping seasons was deemed necessary for the combined phosphorus and lime treatment.
- Treatment
- 52 kg P ha −1 + 4 tons lime ha −1e0
- Outcome
- reapply the same P fertilizer ratee0
- Qualifier
- two cropping seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“To maintain soil available P at the critical level where 52 kg P ha −1 and combined 52 kg P ha −1 + 4 tons lime ha −1 were applied, it would be necessary to reapply the same P fertilizer rate after every one and two cropping seasons, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Two tons of lime increased four-year mean grain yield by 0.17 tons ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Four tons of lime increased four-year mean grain yield by 0.34 tons ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six tons of lime increased four-year mean grain yield by 0.50 tons ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilizer at 26 kg P increased four-year mean grain yield by 0.58 tons ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilizer at 52 kg P ha −1 increased four-year mean grain yield by 1.17 tons ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“The 4-year mean grain yield increments were 0.17, 0.34, 0.50, 0.58 and 1.17 tons ha −1 due to 2, 4, 6 tons lime ha −1 , 26 kg P and 52 kg P ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic phosphorus use efficiency increased with lime rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Both agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies increased with increasing rates of lime and decreased with increasing rates of P fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency increased with lime rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Both agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies increased with increasing rates of lime and decreased with increasing rates of P fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic phosphorus use efficiency decreased with phosphorus fertilizer rate.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Both agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies increased with increasing rates of lime and decreased with increasing rates of P fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus fertilizer recovery efficiency decreased with phosphorus fertilizer rate.
- Treatment
- increasing rates of P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- P fertilizer recovery efficienciese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“Both agronomic P use and P fertilizer recovery efficiencies increased with increasing rates of lime and decreased with increasing rates of P fertilizer.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined lime and phosphorus fertilizer applications were recommended to enhance maize production on acid soils.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“MAIZE”
e0“combined applications of both lime and P fertilizer are important for enhancing maize production on P-deficient acid soils in western Kenya.”
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