Abstract
The effects of low—level consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were studied in the southern Appalachians of North Carolina. A carbaryl insecticide was used to reduce foliage consumption from °10 to °2% in black locust and from °4 to °1% in red maple. Phosphorus concentrations in untreated black locust foliage were significantly lower than those of insecticide—treated foliage early in summer, but equalled concentrations of treated foliage by late summer. Potassium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly reduced during late summer; calcium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly higher later in the summer. Potassium in throughfall from black locus trees (amount of K collected below the canopy minus bulk precipitation inputs) increases from 5.7 kg/ha for insecticide—protected trees to 9.8 kg/ha for unprotected trees (P < .05). Potassium lossesw from unprotected red maple also increased. Black locust lost 0.3 kg/ha of sulfate—S from untreated trees, but adsorbed 0.4 kg/ha of sulfate—S in insecticide—treated trees (P < .05). Total biomass production (net primary production per kilogram of preseason biomass) was unaffected by the low levels of herbivory observed here. Such nominal herbivory did not stimulate biomass and nutrient accretion by these tree species but did increase the cycling of K and perhaps other elements within these systems.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Early in summer, phosphorus was significantly lower in untreated black locust foliage than in insecticide-treated foliage.
- Taxon
- black locust
Robinia pseudoacaciae1 - Treatment
- insecticidee1
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentrationse1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Comparator
- insecticide—treated foliagee1
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e1“Phosphorus concentrations in untreated black locust foliage were significantly lower than those of insecticide—treated foliage early in summer”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
By late summer, phosphorus in untreated black locust foliage equalled that of insecticide-treated foliage.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Treatment
- insecticidee1
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- Phosphorus concentrationse1
- Direction
- equallede2
- Comparator
- treated foliagee2
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e1“Phosphorus concentrations in untreated black locust foliage were significantly lower than those of insecticide—treated foliage early in summer”
e2“but equalled concentrations of treated foliage by late summer”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly reduced in late summer.
- Taxon
- red maple
Acer rubrume0 - Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- Potassium concentrationse3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e3“Potassium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly reduced during late summer”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly higher later in summer.
- Taxon
- red mapleAcer rubrume0
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- calcium concentrationse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e4“calcium concentrations in untreated red maple foliage were significantly higher later in the summer”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Throughfall potassium in unprotected black locust trees was higher, 9.8 kg/ha, than in insecticide-protected trees, 5.7 kg/ha.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e5“Potassium in throughfall from black locus trees (amount of K collected below the canopy minus bulk precipitation inputs) increases from 5.7 kg/ha for insecticide—protected trees to 9.8 kg/ha for unprotected trees (P < .05)”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated black locust lost 0.3 kg/ha of sulfate-S.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae7
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- sulfatee7
- Direction
- loste7
- Value
- 0.3 kg/hae7
- Qualifier
- from untreated treese7
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e7“Black locust lost 0.3 kg/ha of sulfate—S from untreated trees, but adsorbed 0.4 kg/ha of sulfate—S in insecticide—treated trees (P < .05)”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide-treated black locust trees adsorbed 0.4 kg/ha of sulfate-S.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae7
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- sulfatee7
- Direction
- adsorbede7
- Value
- 0.4 kg/hae7
- Qualifier
- in insecticide—treated treese7
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e7“Black locust lost 0.3 kg/ha of sulfate—S from untreated trees, but adsorbed 0.4 kg/ha of sulfate—S in insecticide—treated trees (P < .05)”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Total biomass production of black locust was unaffected by the low levels of herbivory.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Treatment
- low levels of herbivorye1
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- Total biomass productione1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e1“Total biomass production (net primary production per kilogram of preseason biomass) was unaffected by the low levels of herbivory observed here”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Nominal herbivory did not stimulate biomass and nutrient accretion in these tree species.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Treatment
- Such nominal herbivorye1
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- biomass and nutrient accretione1
- Direction
- did not stimulatee1
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e1“Such nominal herbivory did not stimulate biomass and nutrient accretion by these tree species”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivory may increase the cycling of K and perhaps other elements in these tree systems.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Interactor
- canopy arthropodse0herbivore
- Outcome
- cycling of Ke1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Setting
- Southern Appalachianst0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“consumption by canopy arthropods on foliage nutrient content, canopy leachates (throughfall), and biomass of 4—yr—old black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) and red maple (Acer rubrum)”
e1“but did increase the cycling of K and perhaps other elements within these systems”
t0“in the Southern Appalachians”