Abstract
Traditional rice cultivation by puddling and manual transplanting is a labor intensive activity and require significant quantities of water and power.The increasing scarcity of water threatens the sustainability of transplanted rice.In many areas of Asia, transplanting of rice is being replaced by direct seeding as farmers respond to increased labor cost and decreased water availability but weed control is one of the major constraints to direct seeding.So, to control weeds in direct seeded rice studies were designed.Experiments were conducted for two years to develop sustainable and economical methods for managing weeds in aerobic rice grown by direct-seeding at Student’s Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during the years 2008 and 2009.The first experiment was laid out in RCBD having five weed control approaches; hand weeding, hoeing (with kasula), inter row cultivation with tine cultivator, inter row cultivation with spike hoe and chemical control with Nominee 100 SC along with control (no weeding). Weed dry weight was 300 g m-2, 257 g m-2, 225 g m-2 and 157 g m-2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding.Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m-2) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m-2) and tine cultivator (346.78 m-2).Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively.Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding. Highest net returns (Rs. 56905) were obtained by hand weeding while highest BCR (1.75) was obtained in tine cultivator.A second experiment was laid out in split plot design randomizing inter row cultivation implements in main plots and inter rowbcultivation frequencies in sub plots. Weed dry weight was 199.16 g m-2 less when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS as compared to weed dry weight in inter row cultivation at15 days after seeding (DAS). More fertile tillers in tine cultivator and spike when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS were observed.Paddy yield was 159% more when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 as compared to paddy yield in inter row cultivation at15 DAS.Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS.Tine cultivator gave maximum net return and BCR when used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS. Both experiments were replicated thrice. Net plot size was 3.0 m x 6.0 m in both experiments.Weed control by tine cultivator displayed excellent rice yields when repeated cultivation was done, and with the reduced labor inputs compared to hand weeding and hoeing, is a viable and economical method.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding reduced weed dry weight by 300 g m-2 compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- hand weedinge0
- Outcome
- Weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 300 g m-2e0
- Comparator
- no weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Weed dry weight was 300 g m-2, 257 g m-2, 225 g m-2 and 157 g m-2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing reduced weed dry weight by 257 g m-2 compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hoeinge0
- Outcome
- Weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 257 g m-2e0
- Comparator
- no weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Weed dry weight was 300 g m-2, 257 g m-2, 225 g m-2 and 157 g m-2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator reduced weed dry weight by 225 g m-2 compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivatore0
- Outcome
- Weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 225 g m-2e0
- Comparator
- no weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Weed dry weight was 300 g m-2, 257 g m-2, 225 g m-2 and 157 g m-2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Nominee 100 SC reduced weed dry weight by 157 g m-2 compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nominee 100 SCe0
- Outcome
- Weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 157 g m-2e0
- Comparator
- no weedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e0“Weed dry weight was 300 g m-2, 257 g m-2, 225 g m-2 and 157 g m-2 less in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding gave the maximum fertile tillers, 369.73 m-2.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge1
- Outcome
- fertile tillerse1
- Direction
- Maximume1
- Value
- 369.73 m-2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m-2) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m-2) and tine cultivator (346.78 m-2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing gave fewer fertile tillers than hand weeding, 356.94 m-2.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hoeinge1
- Outcome
- fertile tillerse1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 356.94 m-2e1
- Comparator
- hand weedinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m-2) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m-2) and tine cultivator (346.78 m-2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator gave fewer fertile tillers than hand weeding, 346.78 m-2.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivatore1
- Outcome
- fertile tillerse1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 346.78 m-2e1
- Comparator
- hand weedinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Maximum fertile tillers were recorded in hand weeding (369.73 m-2) and were followed by hoeing (356.94 m-2) and tine cultivator (346.78 m-2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand pulling gave 28% more kernels per panicle.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Hand pullinge2
- Outcome
- number of kernels per paniclee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 28e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing gave 25% more kernels per panicle.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hoeinge2
- Outcome
- number of kernels per paniclee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 25e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator gave 22% more kernels per panicle.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivatore2
- Outcome
- number of kernels per paniclee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 22e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nominee gave 12% more kernels per panicle.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nomineee2
- Outcome
- number of kernels per paniclee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 12e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Spike hoe gave 6% more kernels per panicle.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- spike hoee2
- Outcome
- number of kernels per paniclee2
- Direction
- moree2
- Value
- 6%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“Hand pulling, hoeing, tine cultivator, Nominee and spike hoe gave 28, 25, 22, 12 and 6% more number of kernels per panicle respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding increased paddy yield by 221% compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge3
- Outcome
- Paddy yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 221e3
- Comparator
- no weedinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing increased paddy yield by 203% compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hoeinge3
- Outcome
- Paddy yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 203e3
- Comparator
- no weedinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator increased paddy yield by 181% compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivatore3
- Outcome
- Paddy yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 181e3
- Comparator
- no weedinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Nominee 100 SC increased paddy yield by 105% compared with no weeding.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Nominee 100 SCe3
- Outcome
- Paddy yielde3
- Direction
- moree3
- Value
- 105%e3
- Comparator
- no weedinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“Paddy yield was 221, 203, 181 and 105% more in hand weeding, hoeing tine cultivator and Nominee 100 SC respectively than no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding gave the highest net returns, Rs. 56905.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- hand weedinge4
- Outcome
- net returnse4
- Direction
- Higheste4
- Value
- Rs. 56905e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e4“Highest net returns (Rs. 56905) were obtained by hand weeding while highest BCR (1.75) was obtained in tine cultivator”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator gave the highest BCR, 1.75.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e4“Highest net returns (Rs. 56905) were obtained by hand weeding while highest BCR (1.75) was obtained in tine cultivator”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS reduced weed dry weight by 199.16 g m-2 compared with inter row cultivation.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DASe5
- Outcome
- Weed dry weighte5
- Direction
- lesse5
- Value
- 199.16 g m-2e5
- Comparator
- inter row cultivatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“Weed dry weight was 199.16 g m-2 less when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS as compared to weed dry weight in inter row cultivation at15 days after seeding (DAS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tine cultivator used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 DAS increased paddy yield by 159% compared with inter row cultivation.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativaOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45e6
- Outcome
- Paddy yielde6
- Direction
- moree6
- Value
- 159%e6
- Comparator
- inter row cultivatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“DEVELOPMENT AND APPRAISAL OF ECONOMICAL AND SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN DRILL SEEDED AEROBIC RICE (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“Paddy yield was 159% more when tine cultivator was used at 15, 25, 35 and 45 as compared to paddy yield in inter row cultivation at15 DAS”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · weed · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
578 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- negative
599 papers more in this group
See all 603 papers →herbicide · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
724 papers in the same direction as this paper · 57 in the opposite direction · 20 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
798 papers more in this group
See all 802 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.