Abstract
The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds of a phytochrome‐deficient aurea (au) mutant and its isogenic wild types were investigated. In contrast to the wild type whose seeds germinate in darkness, those of the au mutant have a low dark germination level. Continuous far‐red light (FR) inhibits the germination of the wild type, whereas in au ‐mutant seed batches exhibiting some dark germination, no inhibition of these dark‐germinating seeds was observed. Germination of the au mutant was promoted by continuous red light (R). Intermittent pulses of R were also effective and phytochrome was implicated as the photoreceptor, since cyclic treatments of 2 min R/2 min FR/26 min darkness led to a significantly lower germination than the control receiving 2 min R/28 min darkness. Germination of the au mutant in darkness increased with the period of post‐harvest storage in paper packers at laboratory temperature. Germination could also be induced in darkness at 25°C by treatment of the imbibed seeds for a period of time at a lower or higher temperature. Germination was also promoted by the presence of nitrate ions in the imbibition medium. In this case simultaneous irradiation with FR failed to inhibit germination of the au mutant, whilst germination of the wild‐type controls was strongly inhibited. In the case of a highly dormant au seed batch where continuous R, low temperature treatment and nitrate ions were partially effective (promotive), full germination could be induced by the combination of continuous R with one of the other factors. The stable pool of phytochrome is predicted to be the pool involved in the promotion of seed germination in darkness as a result of residual P fr being present in it during dehydration. The au ‐mutant seeds are more dormant than wild type seeds and therefore require more of the active FR‐absorbing form of phytochrome (P fr ) to achieve germination. Since the au mutant exhibits a phytochrome‐controlled promotion of germination, it must contain phytochrome and it is speculated that this is stable pool of phytochrome which has been demonstrated to be present in the light‐grown au mutant plants.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The au mutant has a low dark germination level compared with wild-type tomato seeds
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- au mutante1
- Outcome
- dark germination levele1
- Direction
- lowe1
- Comparator
- wild typee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e1“In contrast to the wild type whose seeds germinate in darkness, those of the au mutant have a low dark germination level”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous far-red light inhibits germination of wild-type tomato seeds
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- wild typee2
- Treatment
- Continuous far‐red light (FR)e2
- Outcome
- germinatione2
- Direction
- inhibitse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e2“Continuous far‐red light (FR) inhibits the germination of the wild type”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous red light promoted germination of the au mutant
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- au mutante3
- Treatment
- continuous red light (R)e3
- Outcome
- Germinatione3
- Direction
- promotede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e3“Germination of the au mutant was promoted by continuous red light (R)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclic 2 min R/2 min FR/26 min darkness treatments gave significantly lower germination than the 2 min R/28 min darkness control
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- cyclic treatments of 2 min R/2 min FR/26 min darknesse4
- Outcome
- germinatione4
- Direction
- lowere4
- Comparator
- the control receiving 2 min R/28 min darknesse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e4“Intermittent pulses of R were also effective and phytochrome was implicated as the photoreceptor, since cyclic treatments of 2 min R/2 min FR/26 min darkness led to a significantly lower germination than the control receiving 2 min R/28 min darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent pulses of red light were effective in the au mutant germination response
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Intermittent pulses of Re4
- Outcome
- germinatione4
- Direction
- effectivee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e4“Intermittent pulses of R were also effective and phytochrome was implicated as the photoreceptor, since cyclic treatments of 2 min R/2 min FR/26 min darkness led to a significantly lower germination than the control receiving 2 min R/28 min darkness”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination of the au mutant in darkness increased with the period of post-harvest storage in paper packers at laboratory temperature
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- au mutante3
- Treatment
- period of post‐harvest storagee3
- Outcome
- Germination of the au mutant in darknesse3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Setting
- paper packers at laboratory temperaturee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e3“Germination of the au mutant in darkness increased with the period of post‐harvest storage in paper packers at laboratory temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was induced in darkness at 25°C by treating imbibed seeds at a lower or higher temperature
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- treatment of the imbibed seeds for a period of time at a lower or higher temperaturee5
- Outcome
- Germinatione5
- Direction
- inducede5
- Setting
- in darkness at 25°Ce5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e5“Germination could also be induced in darkness at 25°C by treatment of the imbibed seeds for a period of time at a lower or higher temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate ions in the imbibition medium promoted germination
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- presence of nitrate ions in the imbibition mediume6
- Outcome
- Germinatione6
- Direction
- promotede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e6“Germination was also promoted by the presence of nitrate ions in the imbibition medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous far-red irradiation failed to inhibit germination of the au mutant
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- au mutante7
- Treatment
- simultaneous irradiation with FRe7
- Outcome
- germinatione7
- Direction
- failed to inhibite7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e7“In this case simultaneous irradiation with FR failed to inhibit germination of the au mutant, whilst germination of the wild‐type controls was strongly inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
Simultaneous far-red irradiation strongly inhibited germination of wild-type controls
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- wild‐type controlse7
- Treatment
- simultaneous irradiation with FRe7
- Outcome
- germinatione7
- Direction
- strongly inhibitede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e7“In this case simultaneous irradiation with FR failed to inhibit germination of the au mutant, whilst germination of the wild‐type controls was strongly inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining continuous red light with one of the other factors could induce full germination of a highly dormant au seed batch
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- au seed batche1
- Treatment
- the combination of continuous R with one of the other factorse1
- Outcome
- full germinatione1
- Direction
- could be inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e1“In the case of a highly dormant au seed batch where continuous R, low temperature treatment and nitrate ions were partially effective (promotive), full germination could be induced by the combination of continuous R with one of the other factors”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous red light, low temperature treatment and nitrate ions were partially effective in promoting germination of a highly dormant au seed batch
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- au seed batche1
- Treatment
- continuous R, low temperature treatment and nitrate ionse1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- partially effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e1“In the case of a highly dormant au seed batch where continuous R, low temperature treatment and nitrate ions were partially effective (promotive), full germination could be induced by the combination of continuous R with one of the other factors”
Claim · model-written summary
The au mutant seeds are more dormant than wild-type seeds
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- more dormante2
- Direction
- moree2
- Comparator
- wild type seedse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv. Moneymaker seeds”
e2“The au‐mutant seeds are more dormant than wild type seeds and therefore require more of the active FR‐absorbing form of phytochrome (P fr) to achieve germination”
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