Abstract
Rhizopus stolonifer causes severe losses to Israeli grape exports. The fungus develops on mature berries in the field, during storage at temperatures above 08C and during shelf‐life. It was isolated from naturally contaminated soils throughout the year, and from fruits after mid‐June. The airborne spore population increased in vineyards at the time of fruit maturation and was related to the proximity of stone‐fruit orchards. The size of this population was highly correlated with disease incidence and thus may be a satisfactory tool for disease prediction. Intact young berries were more resistant than mature ones to Rhizopus inoculation, in both the vineyard and in the laboratory. Mechanical wounding, or chloroform dips, dramatically increased the susceptibility of young berries. The decline in acidity and the increase in the soluble solids content during growth and maturation of the berry were accompanied by an increase in susceptibility to inoculation. Scanning electron microscopy showed the fruit surface to be covered with white amorphous structures. At higher magnifications small cracks (approximately 1 μm in length) were observed on the surface but in no case was fungal penetration noticed through these cracks. In artificially inoculated fruits the fungus germinated near the wound and developed vigorously inside and around the fissure, producing sporangia. The young sporangium is covered by a smooth external layer which is compressed against the sporangiospores. After lysis of the cover, the young hexagonal sporangiospores can be observed. With maturation, the columella collapses and the mature sporangiospores are dispersed. In naturally infected berries, an important path for fungal penetration is the incomplete connection between the berry and the pedicle. Heavily infested berries become disconnected from their pedicles. Two chemicals applied to the surrounding atmosphere, orthophenyl phenate (as a fog) and calcium hypochlorite (as chlorine vapour), significantly decreased postharvest decay in artificially inoculated berries.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus stolonifer develops on mature table grape berries in the field and during storage above 0 °C.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e0“The fungus develops on mature berries in the field, during storage at temperatures above 08C”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus stolonifer was isolated from naturally contaminated soils throughout the year and from fruits after mid‐June.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“It was isolated from naturally contaminated soils throughout the year, and from fruits after mid‐June”
Claim · model-written summary
The airborne spore population increased in vineyards at fruit maturation.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e2“The airborne spore population increased in vineyards at the time of fruit maturation and was related to the proximity of stone‐fruit orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
The airborne spore population was related to the proximity of stone‐fruit orchards.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e2“The airborne spore population increased in vineyards at the time of fruit maturation and was related to the proximity of stone‐fruit orchards”
Claim · model-written summary
The airborne spore population size was highly correlated with disease incidence.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e3“The size of this population was highly correlated with disease incidence”
Claim · model-written summary
Intact young berries were more resistant than mature berries to Rhizopus inoculation in both the vineyard and the laboratory.
- Taxon
- table grapest0
- Organ / stage
- young berriese4
- Treatment
- Rhizopus inoculatione4
- Outcome
- more resistante4
- Direction
- moree4
- Comparator
- mature onese4
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
RhizopusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e4“Intact young berries were more resistant than mature ones to Rhizopus inoculation, in both the vineyard and in the laboratory”
Claim · model-written summary
Mechanical wounding dramatically increased the susceptibility of young berries.
- Taxon
- table grapest0
- Organ / stage
- young berriese5
- Treatment
- Mechanical woundinge5
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e5“Mechanical wounding, or chloroform dips, dramatically increased the susceptibility of young berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroform dips dramatically increased the susceptibility of young berries.
- Taxon
- table grapest0
- Organ / stage
- young berriese5
- Treatment
- chloroform dipse5
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e5“Mechanical wounding, or chloroform dips, dramatically increased the susceptibility of young berries”
Claim · model-written summary
A decline in acidity and an increase in soluble solids during berry maturation were accompanied by increased susceptibility to inoculation.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e6“The decline in acidity and the increase in the soluble solids content during growth and maturation of the berry were accompanied by an increase in susceptibility to inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
The fruit surface of table grapes is covered with white amorphous structures.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e7“Scanning electron microscopy showed the fruit surface to be covered with white amorphous structures”
Claim · model-written summary
Small cracks of approximately 1 μm in length were observed on the fruit surface.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“At higher magnifications small cracks (approximately 1 μm in length) were observed on the surface but in no case was fungal penetration noticed through these cracks”
Claim · model-written summary
No fungal penetration was noticed through the surface cracks.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“At higher magnifications small cracks (approximately 1 μm in length) were observed on the surface but in no case was fungal penetration noticed through these cracks”
Claim · model-written summary
In inoculated fruits, Rhizopus stolonifer germinated near the wound and developed vigorously inside and around the fissure, producing sporangia.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“In artificially inoculated fruits the fungus germinated near the wound and developed vigorously inside and around the fissure, producing sporangia”
Claim · model-written summary
The young sporangium is covered by a smooth external layer.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“The young sporangium is covered by a smooth external layer which is compressed against the sporangiospores”
Claim · model-written summary
After lysis of the cover, young hexagonal sporangiospores can be observed.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“After lysis of the cover, the young hexagonal sporangiospores can be observed”
Claim · model-written summary
With maturation the columella collapses and the mature sporangiospores are dispersed.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“With maturation, the columella collapses and the mature sporangiospores are dispersed”
Claim · model-written summary
An incomplete connection between the berry and the pedicle is an important path for fungal penetration in naturally infected berries.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“In naturally infected berries, an important path for fungal penetration is the incomplete connection between the berry and the pedicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavily infested berries become disconnected from their pedicles.
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“Heavily infested berries become disconnected from their pedicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Orthophenyl phenate applied as a fog significantly decreased postharvest decay in artificially inoculated berries.
- Taxon
- table grapest0
- Organ / stage
- berriese1
- Treatment
- orthophenyl phenate (as a fog)e1
- Outcome
- postharvest decaye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“Two chemicals applied to the surrounding atmosphere, orthophenyl phenate (as a fog) and calcium hypochlorite (as chlorine vapour), significantly decreased postharvest decay in artificially inoculated berries”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium hypochlorite applied as chlorine vapour significantly decreased postharvest decay in artificially inoculated berries.
- Taxon
- table grapest0
- Organ / stage
- berriese1
- Treatment
- calcium hypochlorite (as chlorine vapour)e1
- Outcome
- postharvest decaye1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“table grapes”
e1“Two chemicals applied to the surrounding atmosphere, orthophenyl phenate (as a fog) and calcium hypochlorite (as chlorine vapour), significantly decreased postharvest decay in artificially inoculated berries”
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5 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.