Paper · 1992 · Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science

Phenotypic Plasticity in Growth and Yield Components of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) in Response to Spacing and N‐Nutrition*

W. Diepenbrock; N. Pörksen

20
claims
40
verbatim quotes
27
citations
2
research areas
—
Not open access

Abstract

Abstract During three years of testing (1988–1990) the effects of plant density (200, 400, 800 and 1200 plants/m 2 ) and nitrogen fertilization (40 kg/ha N and 80 kg/ha N) on yield and yield physiology of linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L. cv. Atalante ) were tested on two locations both representing the cool humide climate of Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany, but differing in soil type (free draining sandy loam soil and poor sandy soil). On sandy loam soil yields were two‐fold as high as on poor sandy soil. Doubling of the N‐dose from 40 to 80 kg/ha N was effective in the better soil conditions, exclusively. It could be clearly demonstrated that stand establishment widely governed variation in yield. Independently of location and N‐nutrition, the 400 plants/ m 2 variant led to considerably high seed yields while narrow stands resulted in significantly lower yields. The overall highest yield (24.4 dt/ha) was established when the N‐dose of 80 kg/ha was combined with 400 plants/ m2. Total dry matter accumulated progressively from 49 to 63 days after field emergence (DAE). During this phase, start of the flowering period occurred. Hence, accelerated vegetative growth and reproductive development proceeded simultaneously. Increasing plant density resulted in higher rates of linear growth (LGR) and higher maximum growth rates (MGR). On the other hand, duration of linear growth rate (DLGR) decreased and day of maximum growth rate (MGRD) was reached much earlier in the same conditions. Shoot diameter was under plain control of stand density from 49 days after field emergence (DAE) to maturity. Plants from stands with extremely low competition revealed stem diameters of abt. 3.5 mm in maximum. Extremely narrow stands generated individuals not even reaching 2 mm in diameter. Increasing plant density caused a sharp decrease in net assimilation rate (NAR). This reaction was mainly controlled by competition rather than environment as no differences were proved between the two locations. NAR was measured at two stages of development, start of stem elongation and full flowering. At both stages, NAR was highest at 200 and 400 plants/m 2 , respectively. Chlorophyll content of leaves was assessed as an indicator of source activity for assimilate production. Pigment contents of upper and lower leaves were analysed at five sampling dates as related to stand density and N‐fertilization. After relatively low levels were found at 21 DAE, chlorophyll accumulation was raised until full flowering (63 DAE) and then slowed down during the reproductive period. Low population stands and enhanced N‐nutrition excelled by comparatively high chlorophyll contents and, with the exception of day 21, apical leaves were superior to basal ones. Independently of stand density, the higher N‐supply resulted in higher chlorophyll contents at all stages and during the post‐flowering period the loss of chlorophyll was delayed significantly on both levels of the vertical leaf canopy. As early as full flowering occurred, capsules were already formed to some extent (63 DAE). Until end of flowering capsule mass per area rose thoroughly due to initiation of capsules but also to growth of seeds and pericarps. During the post‐flowering stages there was a further sharp increase caused by the most intensive period of seed filling. Low stand densities and the more favourable location promoted reproductive biomass. The highest harvest index (46.96 %) was attained with the lowest plant population grown on sandy loam soil. In contrast, 1200 plant/m 2 adapted to poor sandy oil resulted in the overall lowest harvest index (22.63 %). Independently of location, the proportion of capsules to total biomass (% CI) was improved with low stand densities. Zusammenfassung Phänotypische Plastizität von Wachstum und Ertragskomponenten bei Öllein ( Linum usitatissimum L.) in Abhängigkeit von Bestandesdichte und N‐Ernährung Die Effekte von Bestandesdichte und N‐Dün‐gung auf Ertrag und Ertragsbildung von Öllein ( Linum usitatissimum L. cv. Atalante ) wurden von 1988–1990 auf zwei Standorten geprüft, die gemeinsam das kühl‐humide Klima Schleswig‐Holsteins, jedoch unterschiedliche Böden (sandiger Lehm, nährstoffarmer Sand) repräsentieren. Auf sandigem Lehm lagen die Erträge doppelt so hoch wie auf dem nährstoffarmen Sandboden. Die Verdoppelung der N‐Gabe von 40 auf 80 kg/ha N wirkte ausschließ‐lich unter den besseren Bodenbedingungen. Es konnte deutlich gezeigt werden, daß der Bestandesaufbau in einem weiten Bereich die Ertragsschwankungen bestimmte. Unabhängig von Standort und N‐Ernährung führte die Variante mit 400 Pflanzen/m 2 zu befriedigenden Samenerträgen, während dichte Bestände signifikant geringere Erträge erbrachten. Der insgesamt höchste Ertrag (24,4 dt/ha) wurde in der Kombination von 80 kg/ha N und 400 Pflanzen/m 2 erzielt. Die Gesamttrockenmasse stieg von 49 bis 63 Tage nach Feldaufgang (DAE) zunehmend an. In diese Phase fiel der Blühbeginn. Folglich verliefen das vegetative Wachstum und die reproduktive Entwicklung zeitgleich. Eine Erhöhung der Bestandesdichte bewirkte gesteigerte lineare sowie maximale Wachstumsraten (LGR, MGR). Unter den gleichen Bedingungen nahm andererseits die Dauer der linearen Wachstumsrate (DLGR) ab und der Tag, an dem die maximale Wachstumsrate erreicht wurde, trat früher ein. Der Sproßdurchmesser wurde von 49 Tagen nach Feldaufgang bis zur Reife im wesentlichen durch die Bestandesdichte bestimmt. Pflanzen aus Beständen mit extrem geringer Konkurrenz wiesen Sproßdurchmesser von bis zu 3,5 mm auf. Sehr enge Bestände brachten Pflanzen mit weniger als 2 mm Sproßdurchmesser hervor. Die Erhöhung der Bestandesdichte verminderte die Nettoassimilationsrate (NAR) erheblich. Diese Reaktion wurde hauptsächlich durch intraspezifische Konkurrenz bestimmt und weniger durch die Umweltbedingungen, weil zwischen den beiden Standorten keine Unterschiede in diesem Merkmal gefunden wurden. Die NAR wurde bei Beginn der Stengelstreckung und in der Vollblüte untersucht. In beiden Stadien war die NAR bei 200 und 400 Pflanzen/m 2 am höchsten. Der Chlorophyllgehalt der Blätter wurde als Indikator für die source‐Aktivität herangezogen. Die Pigmentgehalte von oberen und unteren Blättern wurden in Abhängigkeit von Bestandesdichte und N‐Düngung an fünf Terminen erhoben. Nach relativ geringen Gehalten am 21. Tag nach Feldaufgang stiegen die Chlorophyllgehalte bis zur Vollblüte an, um danach während der reproduktiven Phase wieder abzunehmen. Niedrige Bestandesdichten und erhöhte N‐Düngung bewirkten vergleichsweise hohe Chlorophyllgehalte. Mit Ausnahme des 21. Tages nach Feldaufgang, wiesen apikale Blätter stets höhere Chlorophyllwerte auf als basale. Unabhängig von der Bestandesdichte führte die bessere N‐Versorgung in allen Stadien zu höheren Chlorophyllgehalten; darüber hinaus wurde der Chlorophyllabbau beider Blattetagen in der reproduktiven Phase merklich verzögert. Im Stadium der Vollblüte war ein Teil der Kapseln bereits gebildet. Bis zum Blühende stieg die Kapselmasse bedingt durch die Anlage neuer Kapseln sowie das Wachstum von Samen und Fruchtwänden stark an und im Nachblütezeitraum konnte eine weitere Zunahme beobachtet werden, die auf das verstärkt einsetzende Samenwachstum zurückzuführen war. Insgesamt förderten niedrige Bestandesdichten und günstigere Standortbedingungen das reproduktive Wachstum. Der höchste Ernteindex (46,96 %) wurde mit der niedrigsten Bestandesdichte auf sandigem Lehm erreicht. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde bei 1200 Pflanzen/m 2 auf dem nährstoffarmen Sandboden der insgesamt niedrigste Ernteindex (22,63 %) gefunden. Unabhängig vom Standort wurde der höchste Kapselanteil an der Biomasse (% CI) in niedrigen Bestandesdichten nachgewiesen.

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Claims 20

Associationobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed yields on sandy loam were twice those on poor sandy soil.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
yieldse0
Direction
two‐fold as highe0
Value
two‐folde0
Comparator
poor sandy soile0
Setting
sandy loam soile0

Verbatim

e0

“On sandy loam soil yields were two‐fold as high as on poor sandy soil.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 445–515 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–88 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Doubling nitrogen dose was effective only on the better soil.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
80 kg/ha Ne0
Outcome
effectivee0
Direction
effectivee0
Comparator
40e0
Setting
better soil conditionse0

Verbatim

e0

“Doubling of the N‐dose from 40 to 80 kg/ha N was effective in the better soil conditions, exclusively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 516–618 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Stand establishment governed much of yield variation.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
stand establishmente0
Outcome
variation in yielde0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

e0

“stand establishment widely governed variation in yield.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 657–712 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The 400 plants/m 2 density gave considerably high seed yields across locations and nitrogen levels.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
400 plants/ m 2e0
Outcome
seed yieldse0
Direction
highe0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“Independently of location and N‐nutrition, the 400 plants/ m 2 variant led to considerably high seed yields while narrow stands resulted in significantly lower yields.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 713–880 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

Narrow stands had significantly lower yields.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
narrow standse0
Outcome
yieldse0
Direction
lowere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“narrow stands resulted in significantly lower yields.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 827–880 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The highest yield was 24.4 dt/ha with 80 kg/ha nitrogen and 400 plants/m 2.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
80 kg/ha was combined with 400 plants/ m2e0
Outcome
yielde0
Direction
higheste0
Value
24.4 dt/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“The overall highest yield (24.4 dt/ha) was established when the N‐dose of 80 kg/ha was combined with 400 plants/ m2.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 881–997 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Total dry matter rose from 49 to 63 days after emergence.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
Total dry mattere0
Direction
accumulated progressivelye0
Qualifier
from 49 to 63 days after field emergence (DAE)e0

Verbatim

e0

“Total dry matter accumulated progressively from 49 to 63 days after field emergence (DAE).”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 998–1088 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher density increased linear and maximum growth rates.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
Increasing plant densitye0
Outcome
rates of linear growth (LGR) and higher maximum growth rates (MGR)e0
Direction
highere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“Increasing plant density resulted in higher rates of linear growth (LGR) and higher maximum growth rates (MGR).”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1240–1351 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher density shortened the duration of linear growth.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
duration of linear growth rate (DLGR)e0
Direction
decreasede0

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0

“duration of linear growth rate (DLGR) decreased”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1371–1418 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Maximum growth rate occurred earlier at higher density.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
day of maximum growth rate (MGRD)e0
Direction
much earliere0

Not reportedTreatmentComparator

Verbatim

e0

“day of maximum growth rate (MGRD) was reached much earlier in the same conditions.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1423–1505 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Low-competition stems reached about 3.5 mm diameter.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
stem diameterse0
Value
abt. 3.5 mme0
Setting
stands with extremely low competitione0

Verbatim

e0

“Plants from stands with extremely low competition revealed stem diameters of abt. 3.5 mm in maximum.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1616–1716 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Very dense stands produced stems under 2 mm diameter.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
individuals not even reaching 2 mm in diametere0
Value
2 mme0
Setting
Extremely narrow standse0

Verbatim

e0

“Extremely narrow stands generated individuals not even reaching 2 mm in diameter.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1717–1798 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Increasing density sharply reduced net assimilation rate.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
Increasing plant densitye0
Outcome
net assimilation rate (NAR)e0
Direction
decreasee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“Increasing plant density caused a sharp decrease in net assimilation rate (NAR).”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1799–1879 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Net assimilation rate was highest at 200 and 400 plants/m 2 at the two stages.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
NARe0
Direction
higheste0
Value
200 and 400 plants/m 2e0

Verbatim

e0

“At both stages, NAR was highest at 200 and 400 plants/m 2 , respectively.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2104–2177 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chlorophyll accumulated until full flowering, then slowed.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
chlorophyll accumulatione0
Direction
raisede0
Qualifier
until full flowering (63 DAE)e0

Verbatim

e0

“chlorophyll accumulation was raised until full flowering (63 DAE) and then slowed down during the reproductive period.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2462–2580 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Low-density stands had comparatively high chlorophyll.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
Low population standse0
Outcome
chlorophyll contentse0
Direction
highe0

Verbatim

e0

“Low population stands and enhanced N‐nutrition excelled by comparatively high chlorophyll contents”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2581–2679 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Higher nitrogen gave higher chlorophyll at all stages and delayed its loss after flowering.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
higher N‐supplye0
Outcome
chlorophyll contentse0
Direction
highere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“the higher N‐supply resulted in higher chlorophyll contents at all stages and during the post‐flowering period the loss of chlorophyll was delayed significantly”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2790–2950 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Low density and a favorable location promoted reproductive biomass.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Treatment
Low stand densitiese0
Outcome
reproductive biomasse0
Direction
promotede0

Verbatim

e0

“Low stand densities and the more favourable location promoted reproductive biomass.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3341–3424 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The highest harvest index was 46.96% at the lowest density on sandy loam.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
harvest indexe0
Direction
higheste0
Value
46.96 %e0
Setting
sandy loam soile0

Verbatim

e0

“The highest harvest index (46.96 %) was attained with the lowest plant population grown on sandy loam soil.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3425–3532 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The lowest harvest index was 22.63% at 1200 plants/m 2 on poor sandy soil.

Taxon
Linseedt0
Outcome
harvest indexe0
Direction
loweste0
Value
22.63 %e0
Setting
poor sandy oile0

Verbatim

e0

“1200 plant/m 2 adapted to poor sandy oil resulted in the overall lowest harvest index (22.63 %).”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3546–3642 · show in text ↑
t0

“Linseed”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 56–63 · show in text ↑