Abstract
Abstract A hand-applied ‘twist-ti’ pheromone formulation containing the combined pheromones of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae), Earias vittella (Fabricius) and E. insulana (Boisduval) (Noctuidae) was used in trials conducted in Pakistan from 1986 to 1988. In plots of cotton ranging in area from 2.8 to 6.0 ha, season-long control of the bollworm complex was achieved using the pheromone formulation applied alone or together with one conventional insecticide treatment, with the conventional insecticide spray programme requring up to five applications of insecticide to achieve a similar level of control. No significant differences were found in yield estimates from plots treated with pheromones compared with plots receiving conventional insecticide treatments. Significantly higher levels of boll infestation and lower yield estimates occurred in control plots where neither pheromones nor insecticides were applied.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone alone provided season long bollworm control.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- pheromone formulation applied alonee0
- Interactor
- bollworm complexe0pest
- Outcome
- control of the bollworm complexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“season-long control of the bollworm complex was achieved using the pheromone formulation applied alone”
t0“cotton bollworms”
Claim · model-written summary
Pheromone with one insecticide application provided season long bollworm control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- one conventional insecticide treatmente0
- Interactor
- bollworm complexe0pest
- Outcome
- control of the bollworm complexe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“season-long control of the bollworm complex was achieved using the pheromone formulation applied alone or together with one conventional insecticide treatment”
t0“cotton bollworms”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional spray needed up to five insecticide applications for similar control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- similar level of controle0
- Value
- up to five applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“conventional insecticide spray programme requring up to five applications of insecticide to achieve a similar level of control”
t0“cotton bollworms”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield estimates did not differ significantly between pheromone and conventional insecticide plots.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- pheromonese0
- Outcome
- yield estimatese0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- conventional insecticide treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were found in yield estimates from plots treated with pheromones compared with plots receiving conventional insecticide treatments”
t0“cotton bollworms”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated controls had higher boll infestation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- neither pheromones nor insecticidese0
- Interactor
- bollworms
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeat0pest - Outcome
- boll infestatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher levels of boll infestation and lower yield estimates occurred in control plots where neither pheromones nor insecticides were applied”
t0“cotton bollworms”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated controls had lower yield estimates.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- neither pheromones nor insecticidese0
- Outcome
- yield estimatese0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significantly higher levels of boll infestation and lower yield estimates occurred in control plots where neither pheromones nor insecticides were applied”
t0“cotton bollworms”
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