Abstract
SUMMARY Six silages were prepared from a primary growth of red clover using additives of 21 formic acid/t fresh crop together with formaldehyde at 0, 16, 34, 52, 77 or 117 g/kg crude protein (CP) in the crop. These silages were offered to appetite, either alone or with a urea supplement at 19·4 g/kg total dietary dry matter (D.M.), to 60 British Friesian steer calves with an initial mean live weight of 106 kg. Formaldehyde treatment restricted silage fermentation, the effect increasing with level of application. However, butyric acid and 2, 3-butanediol content increased at intermediate levels of application. Protein degradation in the silages was reduced by formaldehyde treatment, as evidenced by a decline in ammonia-N and an increase in insoluble-N content with increasing level of formaldehyde application. The recovery of applied formaldehyde in the silages was low (less than 13%) but increased with level of application. Intake, live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio followed quadratic trends, with formaldehyde having a deleterious effect at high levels of application. The decline in these production measurements was associated with declines in the apparent digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM), N and energy with increasing level of formaldehyde application, although there was no effect of formaldehyde on cellulose digestibility. Urea supplementation tended to increase intake and live-weight gain at formaldehyde levels greater than 34 g/kg CP, and apart from the expected increase in N digestibility, did not affect the digestibility of other dietary components. As urea supplementation did not overcome the adverse effects of high levels of formaldehyde application on intake, live-weight gain and digestibility, it appears that the supply of rumen-degradable N was not the major limiting factor on these diets. N retention followed a quadratic trend with level of formaldehyde application, increasing at intermediate levels (30–50 g/kg CP) and then declining markedly at the highest level of application. A similar trend was evident when N retention was expressed as a proportion of live-weight gain, suggesting possible formaldehyde effects on carcass composition. However, carcass composition data did not confirm any formaldehyde effect. Urea supplementation did not affect N retention, and N balance data indicated poor utilization of the supplementary urea N. When considering the use of formaldehyde, relative to a formic acid control, in additives applied to red olover at ensiling, these data demonstrate little advantage in favour of formaldehyde and serious disadvantages when large quantities of formaldehyde are applied.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Formaldehyde applied at ensiling restricted silage fermentation, with the effect increasing with level of application.
- Taxon
- red clover
Trifolium pratenset0 - Treatment
- Formaldehydee1
- Outcome
- silage fermentatione1
- Direction
- restrictede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“Formaldehyde treatment restricted silage fermentation, the effect increasing with level of application”
Claim · model-written summary
Formaldehyde treatment reduced protein degradation in the red clover silages.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- formaldehyde treatmente2
- Outcome
- Protein degradatione2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e2“Protein degradation in the silages was reduced by formaldehyde treatment, as evidenced by a decline in ammonia-N”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery of applied formaldehyde in the silages was low, below 13%.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- recovery of applied formaldehydee3
- Direction
- lowe3
- Value
- less than 13%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e3“The recovery of applied formaldehyde in the silages was low (less than 13%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Recovery of applied formaldehyde in the silages increased with level of application.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- level of applicatione3
- Outcome
- recovery of applied formaldehydee3
- Direction
- increasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e3“The recovery of applied formaldehyde in the silages was low (less than 13%) but increased with level of application”
Claim · model-written summary
Formaldehyde at high levels of application had a deleterious effect on intake, live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, which followed quadratic trends.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- formaldehydee4
- Outcome
- Intakee4
- Direction
- deleteriouse4
- Qualifier
- quadratic trendse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e4“Intake, live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio followed quadratic trends, with formaldehyde having a deleterious effect at high levels of application”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea supplementation tended to increase intake and live-weight gain at formaldehyde levels above 34 g/kg CP.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Urea supplementatione5
- Outcome
- intake and live-weight gaine5
- Direction
- tended to increasee5
- Qualifier
- at formaldehyde levels greater than 34 g/kg CPe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e5“Urea supplementation tended to increase intake and live-weight gain at formaldehyde levels greater than 34 g/kg CP”
Claim · model-written summary
N retention increased at intermediate formaldehyde levels and declined at the highest level.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- formaldehydee6
- Outcome
- N retentione6
- Direction
- increasinge6
- Qualifier
- intermediate levelse6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e6“N retention followed a quadratic trend with level of formaldehyde application, increasing at intermediate levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea supplementation did not affect N retention.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- Urea supplementatione7
- Outcome
- N retentione7
- Direction
- did not affecte7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e7“Urea supplementation did not affect N retention”
Claim · model-written summary
Formaldehyde reduced apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, N and energy with increasing level of application.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- formaldehydee1
- Outcome
- apparent digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM), N and energye1
- Direction
- declinese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“declines in the apparent digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM), N and energy with increasing level of formaldehyde application”
Claim · model-written summary
Formaldehyde had no effect on cellulose digestibility.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- formaldehydee1
- Outcome
- cellulose digestibilitye1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“although there was no effect of formaldehyde on cellulose digestibility”
Claim · model-written summary
Butyric acid and 2, 3-butanediol content increased at intermediate levels of formaldehyde application.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Treatment
- levels of applicatione1
- Compound
- butyric acide1
- Outcome
- butyric acid and 2, 3-butanediol contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“butyric acid and 2, 3-butanediol content increased at intermediate levels of application”
Claim · model-written summary
N balance data indicated poor utilization of the supplementary urea N.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- utilization of the supplementary urea Ne1
- Qualifier
- poore1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“N balance data indicated poor utilization of the supplementary urea N”
Claim · model-written summary
The data show little advantage for formaldehyde over a formic acid control, and serious disadvantages when large quantities are applied.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- little advantage in favour of formaldehydee1
- Qualifier
- serious disadvantages when large quantities of formaldehyde are appliede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“these data demonstrate little advantage in favour of formaldehyde and serious disadvantages when large quantities of formaldehyde are applied”
Claim · model-written summary
The supply of rumen-degradable N was not the major limiting factor on these diets, suggesting that formaldehyde effects were not rescued by urea.
- Taxon
- red cloverTrifolium pratenset0
- Outcome
- the major limiting factore1
- Qualifier
- supply of rumen-degradable Ne1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“red clover silages”
e1“the supply of rumen-degradable N was not the major limiting factor on these diets”