Abstract
NAA and BA are important compounds for regulating crop load in apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.). When used for fruit thinning, both induce abscission, but at an equivalent crop load NAA tends to reduce and BA to increase fruit size. There is a strong interaction between NAA and BA when used together on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’, leading to excessive development of pygmy and small fruit (<65 mm diameter). The combination of BA (as Promalin, 1:1 BA + GA 4+7 ) applied at king bloom (KB) and NAAm (amide) at petal fall increased the percentage of small fruit by 3.3- or 5.1-fold compared with BA or NAAm alone. Similar results were obtained with BA (Promalin) at KB oversprayed with NAA at 10 to 12 mm king fruit diameter (KFD). When NAA was oversprayed with BA during fruitlet development, i.e., 5 to 6 mm, 10 to 12 mm, and ≈18 mm KFD, the greatest inhibition of fruit growth occurred at the 10- to 12-mm KFD stage, and there was no significant effect at 18 mm KFD. Inhibition by treatment at the 5- to 6-mm stage was intermediate and trees were overthinned. NAA + BA inhibition of fruit growth in ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was not crop load-dependent. In all experiments, crop load (wt basis) of trees treated with NAA + BA was similar or less than of those treated with NAA or BA alone, but they produced 2.5- to 5-fold more small fruit. NAA + BA increased the number of fruit per cluster, many of which failed to fully develop. Increasing the ratio of BA to NAA from 25:15 to 125:15 mg·L −1 increased small fruit formation. The presence of GA 4+7 in commercial formulations of BA (0:100, Maxcel; 10:100, Accel; 50:50, Promalin) did not significantly affect the NAA + BA response. Fruit growth was not inhibited by the NAA + BA combination in large-fruited ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’ and was increased in small-fruited ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’ compared with the nontreated control.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
NAA and BA each induced fruit abscission during thinning.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- NAA and BAe1
- Outcome
- abscissione0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When used for fruit thinning, both induce abscission”
t0“Apple”
e1“NAA and BA are important compounds for regulating crop load in apples ( Malus domestica Borkh.).”
Claim · model-written summary
At equivalent crop load, NAA tended to reduce fruit size.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAAe0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- equivalent crop loade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at an equivalent crop load NAA tends to reduce and BA to increase fruit size.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
At equivalent crop load, BA tended to increase fruit size.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BAe0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- equivalent crop loade0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at an equivalent crop load NAA tends to reduce and BA to increase fruit size.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NAA and BA led to excessive pygmy and small fruit in Delicious and Fuji.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’e0
- Treatment
- NAA and BAe0
- Outcome
- pygmy and small fruite0
- Direction
- excessivee0
- Value
- <65 mm diametere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There is a strong interaction between NAA and BA when used together on ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’, leading to excessive development of pygmy and small fruit (<65 mm diameter).”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
BA at king bloom plus NAAm at petal fall increased small fruit 3.3-fold versus BA alone.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA (as Promalin, 1:1 BA + GA 4+7 ) applied at king bloom (KB) and NAAm (amide) at petal falle0
- Outcome
- percentage of small fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.3- or 5.1-folde0
- Comparator
- BAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of BA (as Promalin, 1:1 BA + GA 4+7 ) applied at king bloom (KB) and NAAm (amide) at petal fall increased the percentage of small fruit by 3.3- or 5.1-fold compared with BA or NAAm alone.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
BA at king bloom plus NAAm at petal fall increased small fruit relative to NAAm alone.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA (as Promalin, 1:1 BA + GA 4+7 ) applied at king bloom (KB) and NAAm (amide) at petal falle0
- Outcome
- percentage of small fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.3- or 5.1-folde0
- Comparator
- NAAme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combination of BA (as Promalin, 1:1 BA + GA 4+7 ) applied at king bloom (KB) and NAAm (amide) at petal fall increased the percentage of small fruit by 3.3- or 5.1-fold compared with BA or NAAm alone.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
BA at king bloom oversprayed with NAA at 10 to 12 mm gave similar small fruit results.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- BA (Promalin) at KB oversprayed with NAA at 10 to 12 mm king fruit diameter (KFD)e0
- Outcome
- Similar resultse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were obtained with BA (Promalin) at KB oversprayed with NAA at 10 to 12 mm king fruit diameter (KFD).”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA oversprayed with BA inhibited fruit growth most at 10 to 12 mm king fruit diameter.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- 10- to 12-mm KFD stagee0
- Treatment
- NAA was oversprayed with BAe1
- Outcome
- fruit growthe0
- Direction
- greatest inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest inhibition of fruit growth occurred at the 10- to 12-mm KFD stage”
t0“Apple”
e1“When NAA was oversprayed with BA during fruitlet development, i.e., 5 to 6 mm, 10 to 12 mm, and ≈18 mm KFD”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA oversprayed with BA at 18 mm king fruit diameter had no significant effect on fruit growth.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- 18 mm KFDe0
- Treatment
- NAA was oversprayed with BAe1
- Outcome
- fruit growthe1
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no significant effect at 18 mm KFD.”
t0“Apple”
e1“When NAA was oversprayed with BA during fruitlet development, i.e., 5 to 6 mm, 10 to 12 mm, and ≈18 mm KFD, the greatest inhibition of fruit growth occurred at the 10- to 12-mm KFD stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment at 5 to 6 mm had intermediate fruit growth inhibition.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatment at the 5- to 6-mm stagee0
- Outcome
- Inhibitione0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition by treatment at the 5- to 6-mm stage was intermediate and trees were overthinned.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment at 5 to 6 mm overthinned trees.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatment at the 5- to 6-mm stagee0
- Outcome
- trees were overthinnede0
- Direction
- overthinnede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition by treatment at the 5- to 6-mm stage was intermediate and trees were overthinned.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA plus BA growth inhibition in Delicious and Fuji did not depend on crop load.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’e0
- Treatment
- NAA + BAe0
- Outcome
- inhibition of fruit growthe0
- Direction
- not crop load-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA + BA inhibition of fruit growth in ‘Delicious’ and ‘Fuji’ was not crop load-dependent.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA plus BA crop load was similar or less than NAA or BA alone.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAA + BAe0
- Outcome
- crop load (wt basis)e0
- Direction
- similar or lesse0
- Comparator
- NAA or BA alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop load (wt basis) of trees treated with NAA + BA was similar or less than of those treated with NAA or BA alone”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA plus BA produced 2.5- to 5-fold more small fruit than NAA or BA alone.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAA + BAe1
- Outcome
- small fruite0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 2.5- to 5-folde0
- Comparator
- NAA or BA alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they produced 2.5- to 5-fold more small fruit.”
t0“Apple”
e1“crop load (wt basis) of trees treated with NAA + BA was similar or less than of those treated with NAA or BA alone”
Claim · model-written summary
NAA plus BA increased fruit per cluster, many failing to develop fully.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NAA + BAe0
- Outcome
- number of fruit per clustere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NAA + BA increased the number of fruit per cluster, many of which failed to fully develop.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing BA to NAA ratio increased small fruit formation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- ratio of BA to NAA from 25:15 to 125:15 mg·L −1e0
- Outcome
- small fruit formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the ratio of BA to NAA from 25:15 to 125:15 mg·L −1 increased small fruit formation.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 4+7 presence in BA formulations did not significantly alter the NAA plus BA response.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- GA 4+7e0
- Outcome
- NAA + BA responsee0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of GA 4+7 in commercial formulations of BA (0:100, Maxcel; 10:100, Accel; 50:50, Promalin) did not significantly affect the NAA + BA response.”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NAA and BA did not inhibit growth in Golden Delicious and Jonagold.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’e0
- Treatment
- NAA + BA combinatione0
- Outcome
- Fruit growthe0
- Direction
- not inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit growth was not inhibited by the NAA + BA combination in large-fruited ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’”
t0“Apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NAA and BA increased growth in Elstar and Gala relative to untreated control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’e0
- Treatment
- NAA + BA combinatione1
- Outcome
- Fruit growthe1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was increased in small-fruited ‘Elstar’ and ‘Gala’ compared with the nontreated control.”
t0“Apple”
e1“Fruit growth was not inhibited by the NAA + BA combination in large-fruited ‘Golden Delicious’ and ‘Jonagold’”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.