Abstract
Responses of leaf gas exchange, fluorescence emission, chlorophyll concentration, and morpho-anatomical features to changes in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) were studied in three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L. to select sun and shade species for landscaping projects. Artificial shade was obtained with different shading nylon nets, under field conditions, which allowed the reduction of 25, 50, and 75% of global radiation, along with a control treatment under full sunlight. For Passiflora morifolia the highest mean values of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax) and light compensation point (LCP) were observed at 50 and 25% shade, respectively, while the highest values of dark respiration rate (R D) and apparent quantum yield (α) were observed at 75% shade. For Passiflora suberosa litoralis the highest value of P max was observed at full sunlight. The highest mean values for P max, R D, and LCP for Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata were obtained at 25% shade. The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (P N) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively. The values of the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) were significantly different in P. suberosa litoralis and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, increasing with the increase of the irradiance. In contrast, the values of maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly different only in P. suberosa litoralis, being higher at 75%, progressively reducing with the increase of PPFD levels. The total concentration of chlorophyll (Chl) was higher in shaded plants than in the ones cultivated in full sunlight. On the other hand, the values of Chl a/b ratio were reduced in shaded plants. A significant effect of shade levels on leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) was found for the three species, whose highest mean values were observed at 75% shade. The thickness of foliar tissues was significantly higher for the three species at full sunlight and 25% shade. These results suggested that P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata appeared to be adapted to moderate shade conditions. P. suberosa litoralis presented higher plasticity to greater variation of the irradiance levels, while the photoinhibition was one of the limiting factors for this species at full sunlight.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora morifolia had the highest light-saturated net photosynthetic rate at 50% shade.
- Taxon
- Passiflora morifolia
Passiflora morifoliae1 - Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- 50 and 25% shade, respectivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For Passiflora morifolia the highest mean values of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax) and light compensation point (LCP) were observed at 50 and 25% shade, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora morifolia had the highest light compensation point at 25% shade.
- Taxon
- Passiflora morifoliaPassiflora morifoliae1
- Treatment
- shadee1
- Outcome
- light compensation point (LCP)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- 50 and 25% shade, respectivelye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“For Passiflora morifolia the highest mean values of light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax) and light compensation point (LCP) were observed at 50 and 25% shade, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora suberosa litoralis had the highest P max at full sunlight.
- Taxon
- Passiflora suberosa litoralis
Passiflora suberosae2 - Treatment
- full sunlighte2
- Outcome
- P maxe2
- Direction
- higheste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“For Passiflora suberosa litoralis the highest value of P max was observed at full sunlight”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata had the highest P max, R D and LCP at 25% shade.
- Taxon
- Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata
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Passiflora sublanceolatae3 - Treatment
- 25% shadee3
- Outcome
- P max, R D, and LCPe3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“The highest mean values for P max, R D, and LCP for Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata were obtained at 25% shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora morifolia had a highest net photosynthetic rate of 21.09 at 50 and 75% shade.
- Taxon
- P. morifoliaPassiflora morifoliae4
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P N)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 21.09e4
- Qualifier
- observed at 50 and 75% shadee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (P N) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata had a highest net photosynthetic rate of 16.15 at 50 and 75% shade.
- Taxon
- P. palmeri var. sublanceolataPassiflora sublanceolatae4
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P N)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 16.15e4
- Qualifier
- observed at 50 and 75% shadee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (P N) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora suberosa litoralis had a highest net photosynthetic rate of 12.36 at full sunlight.
- Taxon
- P. suberosa litoralisPassiflora suberosae4
- Treatment
- full sunlighte4
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate (P N)e4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 12.36e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The highest values of net photosynthetic rate (P N) for P. morifolia, P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, and P. suberosa litoralis were 21.09, 16.15, and 12.36 μmol(CO2) m-2 s-1, observed at 50 and 75% shade and full sunlight, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) differed significantly only in Passiflora suberosa litoralis, being higher at 75% shade.
- Taxon
- P. suberosa litoralisPassiflora suberosae5
- Treatment
- 75%e5
- Outcome
- maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm)e5
- Direction
- highere5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“the values of maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were significantly different only in P. suberosa litoralis, being higher at 75%, progressively reducing with the increase of PPFD levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) increased with irradiance in Passiflora suberosa litoralis.
- Taxon
- P. suberosa litoralisPassiflora suberosae6
- Treatment
- irradiancee6
- Outcome
- minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0)e6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The values of the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) were significantly different in P. suberosa litoralis and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, increasing with the increase of the irradiance”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) increased with irradiance in Passiflora palmeri var. sublanceolata.
- Taxon
- P. palmeri var. sublanceolataPassiflora sublanceolatae6
- Treatment
- irradiancee6
- Outcome
- minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0)e6
- Direction
- increasinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The values of the minimal chlorophyll fluorescence (F0) were significantly different in P. suberosa litoralis and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata, increasing with the increase of the irradiance”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll concentration was higher in shaded Passiflora plants than in plants grown in full sunlight.
- Taxon
- Passiflora
Passiflorae0 - Treatment
- shaded plantse7
- Outcome
- total concentration of chlorophyll (Chl)e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Comparator
- full sunlighte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L.”
e7“The total concentration of chlorophyll (Chl) was higher in shaded plants than in the ones cultivated in full sunlight”
Claim · model-written summary
Chl a/b ratio was reduced in shaded Passiflora plants.
- Taxon
- PassifloraPassiflorae0
- Treatment
- shaded plantse1
- Outcome
- Chl a/b ratioe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L.”
e1“On the other hand, the values of Chl a/b ratio were reduced in shaded plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area and specific leaf area were highest at 75% shade with a significant shade effect in the three species.
- Taxon
- PassifloraPassiflorae0
- Treatment
- shade levelse1
- Outcome
- leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA)e1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L.”
e1“A significant effect of shade levels on leaf area (LA) and specific leaf area (SLA) was found for the three species, whose highest mean values were observed at 75% shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar tissue thickness was significantly higher in the three Passiflora species at full sunlight and 25% shade.
- Taxon
- PassifloraPassiflorae0
- Treatment
- full sunlight and 25% shadee1
- Outcome
- thickness of foliar tissuese1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three wild ornamental species of Passiflora L.”
e1“The thickness of foliar tissues was significantly higher for the three species at full sunlight and 25% shade”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata appear adapted to moderate shade.
- Taxon
- P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolataPassiflora morifoliaPassiflora sublanceolatae1
- Outcome
- adapted to moderate shade conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These results suggested that P. morifolia and P. palmeri var. sublanceolata appeared to be adapted to moderate shade conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Passiflora suberosa litoralis showed higher plasticity to variation in irradiance levels.
- Taxon
- P. suberosa litoralisPassiflora suberosae1
- Treatment
- irradiance levelse1
- Outcome
- plasticitye1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“P. suberosa litoralis presented higher plasticity to greater variation of the irradiance levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Photoinhibition was a limiting factor for Passiflora suberosa litoralis at full sunlight.
- Taxon
- P. suberosa litoralisPassiflora suberosae1
- Treatment
- full sunlighte2
- Outcome
- photoinhibitione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“P. suberosa litoralis presented higher plasticity to greater variation of the irradiance levels”
e2“while the photoinhibition was one of the limiting factors for this species at full sunlight”