Abstract
Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States. A series of trials was conducted beginning in 1995 to determine optimal rate and timing of applications of selected foliar insecticides for managing cereal leaf beetle in soft red winter wheat. These trials, cage studies with larvae, and a manual defoliation experiment were used to provide information on cereal leafbeetle yield loss relationships and to develop economic decision rules for cereal leaf beetle in soft red winter wheat. Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched. Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments. Organophosphate insecticides generally were not effective when applied before most eggs had hatched. The most effective treatments were the low rates of lambda cyhalothrin when applied early while adults were still laying eggs and before or near 50% egg hatch. These early applications applied at or before spike emergence virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury. The manual defoliation study demonstrated that defoliation before spike emergence has greater impact on grain yield and yield components than defoliation after spike emergence. Furthermore, flag leaf defoliation causes more damage than injury to lower leaves. Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials. Regression of larval numbers and yield losses calculated a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem, which at current application costs suggested an economic threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem during the spike emergence to anthesis stages.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion effectively controlled cereal leaf beetle larval infestations when applied after most eggs had hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Malathione1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopus
_-_Kitchener%2C_Ontario.jpg?width=60)
Oulema melanopuse0pest - Outcome
- larval infestationse1
- Qualifier
- when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatchede1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_Kitchener%2C_Ontario.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched”
Claim · model-written summary
Methomyl effectively controlled cereal leaf beetle larval infestations when applied after most eggs had hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- methomyle1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- larval infestationse1
- Qualifier
- when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatchede1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl effectively controlled cereal leaf beetle larval infestations when applied after most eggs had hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- carbaryle1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- larval infestationse1
- Qualifier
- when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatchede1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad effectively controlled cereal leaf beetle larval infestations when applied after most eggs had hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- spinosade1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- larval infestationse1
- Qualifier
- when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatchede1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched”
Claim · model-written summary
Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis was not effective at the lowest labeled rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensise2
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- effective treatmentse2
- Qualifier
- applied at the lowest labeled ratese2
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e2“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl parathion was not effective at the lowest labeled rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- methyl parathione2
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- effective treatmentse2
- Qualifier
- applied at the lowest labeled ratese2
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e2“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Disulfoton was not effective at the lowest labeled rates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- disulfotone2
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- effective treatmentse2
- Qualifier
- applied at the lowest labeled ratese2
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e2“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Organophosphate insecticides were generally not effective when applied before most eggs had hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Organophosphate insecticidese3
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee3
- Qualifier
- when applied before most eggs had hatchede3
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e3“Organophosphate insecticides generally were not effective when applied before most eggs had hatched”
Claim · model-written summary
Low rates of lambda-cyhalothrin were the most effective treatments when applied early, before or near 50% egg hatch.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- the low rates of lambda cyhalothrine4
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- most effective treatmentse4
- Qualifier
- when applied early while adults were still laying eggs and before or near 50% egg hatche4
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e4“The most effective treatments were the low rates of lambda cyhalothrin when applied early while adults were still laying eggs and before or near 50% egg hatch”
Claim · model-written summary
Early applications at or before spike emergence virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- These early applications applied at or before spike emergencee5
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- cereal leaf beetle injurye5
- Direction
- eliminatede5
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e5“These early applications applied at or before spike emergence virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation before spike emergence had a greater impact on grain yield and yield components than defoliation after spike emergence.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- defoliation before spike emergencee6
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield componentse6
- Direction
- greater impacte6
- Comparator
- defoliation after spike emergencee6
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e6“The manual defoliation study demonstrated that defoliation before spike emergence has greater impact on grain yield and yield components than defoliation after spike emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag leaf defoliation caused more damage than injury to lower leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- flag leaf defoliatione7
- Outcome
- damagee7
- Direction
- moree7
- Comparator
- injury to lower leavese7
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e7“Furthermore, flag leaf defoliation causes more damage than injury to lower leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- larval injurye1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- Grain test weight and kernel weighte1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
- Qualifier
- in most trialse1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval injury caused a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- yield losse1
- Value
- 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per steme1
- Setting
- southeastern United Statese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“Regression of larval numbers and yield losses calculated a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem”
Claim · model-written summary
An economic threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem applies during the spike emergence to anthesis stages.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- spike emergence to anthesis stagese1
- Interactor
- Oulema melanopusOulema melanopuse0pest
- Outcome
- economic thresholde1
- Value
- 0.4 larvae per steme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States”
e1“which at current application costs suggested an economic threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem during the spike emergence to anthesis stages”
The same questions in other papers
spinosad · Oulema melanopus · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
pruning · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
pruning · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
59 papers in the same direction as this paper · 33 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
89 papers more in this group
See all 93 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.