Abstract
Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), invaded northern Alabama and Georgia more than a decade ago and since has become an economic pest of winter wheat and other cereal crops in the southeastern United States. A series of trials was conducted beginning in 1995 to determine optimal rate and timing of applications of selected foliar insecticides for managing cereal leaf beetle in soft red winter wheat. These trials, cage studies with larvae, and a manual defoliation experiment were used to provide information on cereal leaf beetle yield loss relationships and to develop economic decision rules for cereal leaf beetle in soft red winter wheat. Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched. Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments. Organophosphate insecticides generally were not effective when applied before most eggs had hatched. The most effective treatments were the low rates of λ cyhalothrin when applied early while adults were still laying eggs and before or near 50% egg hatch. These early applications applied at or before spike emergence virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury. The manual defoliation study demonstrated that defoliation before spike emergence has greater impact on grain yield and yield components than defoliation after spike emergence. Furthermore, flag leaf defoliation causes more damage than injury to lower leaves. Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials. Regression of larval numbers and yield losses calculated a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem, which at current application costs suggested an economic threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem during the spike emergence to anthesis stages.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion controlled cereal leaf beetle larvae when applied after most eggs hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0t0 - Treatment
- Malathione0
- Outcome
- larval infestationse0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
- Qualifier
- after most eggs had hatchede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Methomyl controlled cereal leaf beetle larvae when applied after most eggs hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- methomyle0
- Outcome
- larval infestationse0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbaryl controlled cereal leaf beetle larvae when applied after most eggs hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- carbaryle0
- Outcome
- larval infestationse0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad controlled cereal leaf beetle larvae when applied after most eggs hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- spinosade0
- Outcome
- larval infestationse0
- Direction
- effectively controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Malathion, methomyl, carbaryl, and spinosad effectively controlled larval infestations when treatments were applied after most eggs had hatched.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin at the lowest labeled rate did not effectively control cereal leaf beetle.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensise0
- Outcome
- not effective treatmentse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Methyl parathion at the lowest labeled rate did not effectively control cereal leaf beetle.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- methyl parathione0
- Outcome
- not effective treatmentse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Disulfoton at the lowest labeled rate did not effectively control cereal leaf beetle.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- disulfotone0
- Outcome
- not effective treatmentse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Encapsulated endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, methyl parathion, and disulfoton applied at the lowest labeled rates were not effective treatments.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Organophosphate insecticides were generally ineffective before most eggs hatched.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- Organophosphate insecticidese0
- Outcome
- not effectivee0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
- Qualifier
- before most eggs had hatchede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organophosphate insecticides generally were not effective when applied before most eggs had hatched.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate λ cyhalothrin applied during egg laying and before or near 50% egg hatch was most effective.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- low rates of λ cyhalothrine0
- Outcome
- most effective treatmentse0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
- Qualifier
- before or near 50% egg hatche0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The most effective treatments were the low rates of λ cyhalothrin when applied early while adults were still laying eggs and before or near 50% egg hatch.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Early insecticide applications virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Organ / stage
- spike emergencee0
- Treatment
- early applicationse0
- Outcome
- cereal leaf beetle injurye0
- Direction
- virtually eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These early applications applied at or before spike emergence virtually eliminated cereal leaf beetle injury.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Defoliation before spike emergence harmed grain yield and yield components more than later defoliation.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- defoliation before spike emergencee0
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield componentse0
- Direction
- greater impacte0
- Comparator
- defoliation after spike emergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“defoliation before spike emergence has greater impact on grain yield and yield components than defoliation after spike emergence”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flag-leaf defoliation caused more damage than injury to lower leaves.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Treatment
- flag leaf defoliatione0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- more damagee0
- Comparator
- injury to lower leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flag leaf defoliation causes more damage than injury to lower leaves”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval injury did not affect grain test weight in most trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Outcome
- Grain test weighte0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- in most trialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval injury did not affect kernel weight in most trials.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Outcome
- kernel weighte0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain test weight and kernel weight were not affected by larval injury in most trials.”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Each larva per stem was associated with a 12.65% yield loss.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regression of larval numbers and yield losses calculated a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Each larva per stem was associated with a 459 kg/ha yield loss.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regression of larval numbers and yield losses calculated a yield loss of 12.65% or 459 kg/ha per larva per stem”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed an economic treatment threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem from spike emergence to anthesis.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0t0
- Organ / stage
- spike emergence to anthesis stagese0
- Outcome
- economic thresholde0
- Value
- 0.4 larvae per steme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggested an economic threshold of 0.4 larvae per stem during the spike emergence to anthesis stages”
t0“Damage Loss Assessment and Control of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat”
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