Abstract
Field studies were established in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate Italian ryegrass, wheat, and double-crop soybean response to fall and spring postemergence applications of flucarbazone, sulfosulfuron, clodinafop, diclofop, and tralkoxydim applied alone and in combination with thifensulfuron + tribenuron to winter wheat. Fall-applied herbicides caused 5% or less wheat injury. Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury, and the greatest injury occurred with the combination of flucarbazone with thifensulfuron + tribenuron in the spring of 2001. Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% and 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Herbicide injury to wheat did not reduce wheat grain yield compared with the hand-weeded treatment. Italian ryegrass competition in the nontreated plots reduced wheat yield by as much as 33% compared with herbicide-treated plots. Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop and 78 to 97% from flucarbazone, with no differences because of application timing in either year of the study. Italian ryegrass control from sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim was greater from the spring of 2000 applications (94 to 99%) compared with the fall of 1999 applications (65 to 88%). However, in 2001, application timing (fall vs. spring) for sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim did not affect Italian ryegrass control. Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydim reduced control of Italian ryegrass control compared with tralkoxydim alone in both years of the study. Italian ryegrass control was not reduced when thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop, or clodinafop. Italian ryegrass was controlled effectively by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop, and tralkoxydim. However, control of Italian ryegrass with the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfuron was inconsistent. Double-crop soybean after wheat did not have foliar symptoms or yield loss from fall- or spring-applied herbicides.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Fall-applied herbicides caused 5% or less wheat injury.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- Fall-applied herbicidese0
- Outcome
- wheat injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 5% or lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fall-applied herbicides caused 5% or less wheat injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spring-applied herbicidese0
- Outcome
- wheat injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 3 to 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest wheat injury occurred with flucarbazone combined with thifensulfuron + tribenuron in spring 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- combination of flucarbazone with thifensulfuron + tribenurone0
- Outcome
- greatest injurye0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- in the spring of 2001e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest injury occurred with the combination of flucarbazone with thifensulfuron + tribenuron in the spring of 2001”
e1“Spring-applied herbicides caused 3 to 45% wheat injury”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% wheat injury in 2000.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafope0
- Outcome
- wheat injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 3 to 6%e0
- Qualifier
- in 2000e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% and 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2000 and 2001, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop and clodinafop caused 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2001.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafope0
- Outcome
- wheat injurye0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 16 to 26%e0
- Qualifier
- 2001e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring-applied sulfosulfuron, tralkoxydim, diclofop, and clodinafop caused 3 to 6% and 16 to 26% wheat injury in 2000 and 2001, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide injury to wheat did not reduce wheat grain yield compared with the hand-weeded treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Herbicide injurye0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Comparator
- hand-weeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Herbicide injury to wheat did not reduce wheat grain yield compared with the hand-weeded treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Italian ryegrass competition in nontreated plots reduced wheat yield by as much as 33% compared with herbicide-treated plots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Italian ryegrass competition in the nontreated plotse0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrass
Lolium multiflorume0weed - Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 33%e0
- Comparator
- herbicide-treated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass competition in the nontreated plots reduced wheat yield by as much as 33% compared with herbicide-treated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Clodinafop and diclofop controlled Italian ryegrass 89 to 99%.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- clodinafop and diclofope0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 89 to 99%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop”
Claim · model-written summary
Flucarbazone controlled Italian ryegrass 78 to 97%.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- flucarbazonee0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 78 to 97%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop and 78 to 97% from flucarbazone”
Claim · model-written summary
For clodinafop, diclofop and flucarbazone there were no differences in Italian ryegrass control because of application timing in either year.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- application timinge0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was 89 to 99% from clodinafop and diclofop and 78 to 97% from flucarbazone, with no differences because of application timing in either year of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Italian ryegrass control from sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim was greater from spring 2000 applications (94 to 99%) than from fall 1999 applications (65 to 88%).
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- spring of 2000 applicationse0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 94 to 99%e0
- Qualifier
- 65 to 88%e0
- Comparator
- fall of 1999 applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control from sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim was greater from the spring of 2000 applications (94 to 99%) compared with the fall of 1999 applications (65 to 88%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001, application timing (fall vs. spring) for sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim did not affect Italian ryegrass control.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- application timing (fall vs. spring)e0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 2001, application timing (fall vs. spring) for sulfosulfuron and tralkoxydim did not affect Italian ryegrass control”
Claim · model-written summary
Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydim reduced Italian ryegrass control compared with tralkoxydim alone in both years.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydime0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- control of Italian ryegrasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- tralkoxydim alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thifensulfuron + tribenuron combined with tralkoxydim reduced control of Italian ryegrass control compared with tralkoxydim alone in both years of the study”
Claim · model-written summary
Italian ryegrass control was not reduced when thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop or clodinafop.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop, or clodinafope0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- Italian ryegrass controle0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass control was not reduced when thifensulfuron + tribenuron was combined with sulfosulfuron, flucarbazone, diclofop, or clodinafop”
Claim · model-written summary
Italian ryegrass was controlled effectively by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop and tralkoxydim.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop, and tralkoxydime0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- controlled effectivelye0
- Direction
- controlled effectivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Italian ryegrass was controlled effectively by the acetyl-CoA carboxylase–inhibiting herbicides diclofop, clodinafop, and tralkoxydim”
Claim · model-written summary
Control of Italian ryegrass with the acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfuron was inconsistent.
- Taxon
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0
- Treatment
- acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfurone0
- Interactor
- Italian ryegrassLolium multiflorume0weed
- Outcome
- control of Italian ryegrasse0
- Direction
- inconsistente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“control of Italian ryegrass with the acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides flucarbazone and sulfosulfuron was inconsistent”
Claim · model-written summary
Double-crop soybean after wheat had no foliar symptoms or yield loss from fall- or spring-applied herbicides.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- fall- or spring-applied herbicidese0
- Outcome
- foliar symptoms or yield losse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Double-crop soybean after wheat did not have foliar symptoms or yield loss from fall- or spring-applied herbicides”
The same questions in other papers
diclofop · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Lolium multiflorum · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
tralkoxydim · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
clodinafop · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
thifensulfuron · control · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
tribenuron · control · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
acetyl-CoA · control · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
diclofop · control · Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.