Abstract
Two greenhouse experiments were carried out to analyze the shoot sodium (Na + ) partitioning, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Cuore di Bue’, a salt-sensitive heirloom tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), ungrafted or grafted onto interspecific tomato hybrid rootstocks ( S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites ) ‘Maxifort’ and ‘Arnold’ in 2009, ‘Arnold’ and ‘Armstrong’ in 2010, grown at different salinity stress (SS) levels (0, 20, and 40 m m of NaCl in 2009; 0 and 20 m m of NaCl in 2010). In both experiments, an interaction was observed between grafting combinations and SS levels in terms of fruit yield, and fruit juice Na + content. Under no SS conditions, plant grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ and ‘Armstrong’ provided the highest yield in 2009 and 2010 experiments, respectively. In the presence of 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ provided a marketable yield 23.5% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ or ungrafted in 2009 and 33% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Armstrong’ or ungrafted in 2010. The further increase of SS to 40 m m of NaCl considerably reduced the productivity of all grafting combinations. At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants. Fruit total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and dry matter were unaffected by grafting at any SS level, whereas under SS, the fruit juice Na + content of grafted plants was consistently lower (from 19% up to 68%) than that of ungrafted plants. Under moderate SS conditions (20 m m of NaCl), the use of rootstock genotypes such as ‘Arnold’ having a particular ability to reduce Na + accumulation in younger and most active leaves may increase tomato yield and enhance tomato nutritional value by reducing the fruit juice Na + content.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting combination and salinity interacted for fruit yield.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- grafting combinationse0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Qualifier
- SS levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“In both experiments, an interaction was observed between grafting combinations and SS levels in terms of fruit yield, and fruit juice Na + content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting combination and salinity interacted for fruit juice Na + content.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafting combinationse0
- Outcome
- fruit juice Na + contente0
- Qualifier
- SS levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e0“In both experiments, an interaction was observed between grafting combinations and SS levels in terms of fruit yield, and fruit juice Na + content.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Maxifort’ grafts had the highest yield without salinity in 2009.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- ‘Maxifort’e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- 2009e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Under no SS conditions, plant grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ and ‘Armstrong’ provided the highest yield in 2009 and 2010 experiments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
‘Armstrong’ grafts had the highest yield without salinity in 2010.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- ‘Armstrong’e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- 2010e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Under no SS conditions, plant grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ and ‘Armstrong’ provided the highest yield in 2009 and 2010 experiments, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 m m NaCl, Arnold grafts yielded 23.5% more than ‘Maxifort’ or ungrafted in 2009.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- ‘Arnold’e2
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e2
- Outcome
- marketable yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 23.5%e2
- Qualifier
- 2009e2
- Comparator
- ‘Maxifort’ or ungraftede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e2“In the presence of 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ provided a marketable yield 23.5% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ or ungrafted in 2009 and 33% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Armstrong’ or ungrafted in 2010.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 20 m m NaCl, Arnold grafts yielded 33% more than ‘Armstrong’ or ungrafted in 2010.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- ‘Arnold’e2
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e2
- Outcome
- marketable yielde2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 33%e2
- Qualifier
- 2010e2
- Comparator
- ‘Armstrong’ or ungraftede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e2“In the presence of 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ provided a marketable yield 23.5% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ or ungrafted in 2009 and 33% (on average) higher than plants grafted onto ‘Armstrong’ or ungrafted in 2010.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity to 40 m m NaCl reduced productivity across grafting combinations.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- 40 m m of NaCle3
- Outcome
- productivitye3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e3“The further increase of SS to 40 m m of NaCl considerably reduced the productivity of all grafting combinations.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnold grafts changed Na + accumulation in older leaves by 52% relative to ungrafted plants at 20 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- older leavese4
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e4
- Outcome
- Na + accumulatione4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 52%e4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnold grafts changed Na + content in younger and most active leaves by 24% relative to ungrafted plants at 20 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- younger and most active leavese4
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e4
- Outcome
- Na + contente4
- Direction
- reducinge4
- Value
- 24%e4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnold grafts maintained higher K + /Na + ratios than ungrafted plants at 20 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e4
- Outcome
- K + /Na +e4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnold grafts maintained higher Ca 2+ /Na + ratios than ungrafted plants at 20 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e4
- Outcome
- Ca 2+ /Na +e4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arnold grafts maintained higher Mg 2+ /Na + ratios than ungrafted plants at 20 m m NaCl.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted onto ‘Arnold’e4
- Outcome
- Mg 2+ /Na +e4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e4“At 20 m m of NaCl, plants grafted onto ‘Arnold’ showed also a higher capacity to modulate shoot Na + partitioning with respect to ungrafted plants by increasing Na + accumulation in older leaves (52%) and reducing Na + content in younger and most active leaves (24%), thus enabling the maintenance of higher K + /Na + , Ca 2+ /Na + , and Mg 2+ /Na + ratios compared with ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting did not change fruit soluble solids, titratable acidity or dry matter across salinity levels.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- graftinge5
- Outcome
- Fruit total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and dry mattere5
- Direction
- unaffectede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“Fruit total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and dry matter were unaffected by grafting at any SS level, whereas under SS, the fruit juice Na + content of grafted plants was consistently lower (from 19% up to 68%) than that of ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, grafted plants had 19% to 68% lower fruit juice Na + content than ungrafted plants.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- grafted plantse5
- Outcome
- fruit juice Na + contente5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Value
- from 19% up to 68%e5
- Comparator
- ungrafted plantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“Fruit total soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and dry matter were unaffected by grafting at any SS level, whereas under SS, the fruit juice Na + content of grafted plants was consistently lower (from 19% up to 68%) than that of ungrafted plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Arnold-like rootstocks at moderate salinity to improve yield and fruit nutritional value.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Material
- ‘Arnold’e6
- Outcome
- increase tomato yield and enhance tomato nutritional valuee6
- Qualifier
- moderate SS conditions (20 m m of NaCl)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e6“Under moderate SS conditions (20 m m of NaCl), the use of rootstock genotypes such as ‘Arnold’ having a particular ability to reduce Na + accumulation in younger and most active leaves may increase tomato yield and enhance tomato nutritional value by reducing the fruit juice Na + content.”
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