Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Rain-Catching and Controlled Irrigation (RCCI) models under different weeding methods on the loss of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), root growth and its activities, and pests in the paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and nine treatments. The three replicates consisted of three water management regimes: High Dry High Flooding (T3) treatment, High Dry Low Flooding (T2) treatment, and Shallow and Frequent Irrigation (T1) treatment. Rainfall Catching and Controlled Irrigation (RCCI) model was adopted in T3 and T2 while Continuous Flooding Irrigation (CFI) was adopted in T1 as a control. The nine treatments were equally divided under mulching, hand weeding and weedy conditions and the rice variety used was Nanjing 44. RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment. Not only that, but also RCCI reduced the loss amount of nitrogen and phosphorus. The total nitrogen (NT) was reduced from 45.2 to 63.4%, 18 to 43.5% and 37.4 to 73.7% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI treatment. In addition, RCCI model compared to CFI reduced the loss amount of phosphorus from 22 to 48% in mulching and 18 to 67% in weedy check. Mulching reduced the number of rice plants infested by pests from 64.3 to76% compared to hand weeding. The RCCI model at T3 increased the number of pest infested rice plants by 20%, 33.3% and 18.2% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI. Root activities were proportional to the root length in both RCCI model and CFI. RCCI model at T3 observed higher root activities and longer root length in all rice growth treatments than T2 and T1. However, T1 showed lower root activities and shorter length than T2 due to high dry in the RCCI model plots (T2 and T3) which caused the increase and growth of root length than in T1. Moreover, mulching weeding showed shorter root length than hand weeding and weedy check due to the high moisture content and nutrients in the mulching plots.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced water drainage by 38 to 61% under mulching weeding compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced water drainage by 20 to 44% under hand weeding compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced water drainage by 30 to 78% under weedy check compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced total nitrogen (NT) by 45.2 to 63.4% under mulching compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
e2“The total nitrogen (NT) was reduced from 45.2 to 63.4%, 18 to 43.5% and 37.4 to 73.7% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced total nitrogen (NT) by 18 to 43.5% under hand weeding compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
e2“The total nitrogen (NT) was reduced from 45.2 to 63.4%, 18 to 43.5% and 37.4 to 73.7% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced total nitrogen (NT) by 37.4 to 73.7% under weedy check compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“RCCI model reduced the amount of water drainage in mulching weeding, hand weeding and weedy check by 38 to 61%, 20 to 44% and 30 to 78%, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
e2“The total nitrogen (NT) was reduced from 45.2 to 63.4%, 18 to 43.5% and 37.4 to 73.7% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced phosphorus loss by 22 to 48% under mulching compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e3“RCCI model compared to CFI reduced the loss amount of phosphorus from 22 to 48% in mulching and 18 to 67% in weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model reduced phosphorus loss by 18 to 67% under weedy check compared with CFI.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e3“RCCI model compared to CFI reduced the loss amount of phosphorus from 22 to 48% in mulching and 18 to 67% in weedy check”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching reduced the number of rice plants infested by pests by 64.3 to 76% compared with hand weeding.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae4 - Treatment
- Mulchinge4
- Interactor
- pestse4pest
- Outcome
- number of rice plants infested by pestse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 64.3 to76%e4
- Comparator
- hand weedinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Mulching reduced the number of rice plants infested by pests from 64.3 to76% compared to hand weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model at T3 increased pest-infested rice plants by 20% under mulching compared with CFI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- RCCI model at T3e5
- Interactor
- peste5pest
- Outcome
- number of pest infested rice plantse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 20%e5
- Qualifier
- mulchinge5
- Comparator
- CFIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The RCCI model at T3 increased the number of pest infested rice plants by 20%, 33.3% and 18.2% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model at T3 increased pest-infested rice plants by 33.3% under hand weeding compared with CFI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- RCCI model at T3e5
- Interactor
- peste5pest
- Outcome
- number of pest infested rice plantse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 33.3%e5
- Qualifier
- hand weedinge5
- Comparator
- CFIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The RCCI model at T3 increased the number of pest infested rice plants by 20%, 33.3% and 18.2% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model at T3 increased pest-infested rice plants by 18.2% under weedy check compared with CFI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae5
- Treatment
- RCCI model at T3e5
- Interactor
- peste5pest
- Outcome
- number of pest infested rice plantse5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 18.2%e5
- Qualifier
- weedy checke5
- Comparator
- CFIe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The RCCI model at T3 increased the number of pest infested rice plants by 20%, 33.3% and 18.2% in mulching, hand weeding and weedy check, respectively, compared to CFI”
Claim · model-written summary
Root activities were proportional to root length in both the RCCI model and CFI.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e6“Root activities were proportional to the root length in both RCCI model and CFI”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model at T3 gave higher root activities than T2 and T1 in all rice growth treatments.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e7“RCCI model at T3 observed higher root activities and longer root length in all rice growth treatments than T2 and T1”
Claim · model-written summary
RCCI model at T3 gave longer root length than T2 and T1 in all rice growth treatments.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e7“RCCI model at T3 observed higher root activities and longer root length in all rice growth treatments than T2 and T1”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 gave lower root activities than T2.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“T1 showed lower root activities and shorter length than T2”
Claim · model-written summary
T1 gave shorter root length than T2.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“T1 showed lower root activities and shorter length than T2”
Claim · model-written summary
Mulching weeding gave shorter root length than hand weeding and weedy check.
Verbatim
e0“paddy rice growth, in Jiangsu province, China”
e1“mulching weeding showed shorter root length than hand weeding and weedy check”
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