Abstract
Charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a disease of economic significance throughout the world. Pathogenicity of 14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was tested on soybean cv. Giza 21 under greenhouse conditions. They capable to infect soybean plants caused charcoal rot on the basil stem with various degrees of diseases severity. Isolate S13 caused the highest charcoal rot severity (60%) followed by isolates S11 and S8 (57.9 and 56.3 %, respectively). The positive effect of two inducer chemicals, i.e riboflavin (vitamin B2) and. thiamine (vitamin B1) on the induction of systemic resistance in soybean against charcoal rot disease as well as biochemical changes associated with these treatments in soybean plants was recorded. Under greenhouse conditions, the dose effect of 0.1 to 15 mM riboflavin and thiamine showed that 2.5 mM of riboflavin and 5 mM of thiamine was sufficient for maximum induction of resistance; higher concentration did not increase the effect. On the other hand, plants treated with riboflavin and thiamine and inoculated with pathogen grow higher than plants treated with sterilized distilled water (SDW) and inoculated with pathogen, while increased fresh and dry weight of soybean plants. At 10 mM concentration of riboflavin and thiamin recorded the highest dry and fresh weights. In time course observation, it was observed that riboflavin and thiamine treated soybean plants were inducing resistance one day after treatment and reached its maximum level from 5 to 7 days in case of riboflavin and 6-8 days in case of thiamine and then decreased. Under field conditions, the percentages of damping-off, root rot and/or charcoal rot severity were significantly reduced due to soaking the seeds in any of riboflavin and thiamine before sowing in both trial seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010). Also, these treatments significantly increased nodule numbers plant -1, fresh and dry weight of nodules plant -1 in both experimental seasons. Generally, thiamine gave the best results in most cases under greenhouse and field conditions. In physiological studies, activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, pathogenesis related (PR) protein (chitinase), were increased in inoculated and non-inoculated plants treated with the thiamine and riboflavin individually, during the experimental period. In general, activity of these enzymes begins to accumulate after two days of treatment and reached maximum levels at 8, 6, 8 and 8 days for PO, PPO, PAL and chitanase, respectively, then the activities of these enzymes were decreased progressively. On the other hand, total phenols and lignin increased in soybean plants inoculated with M. phaseolina and treated with thiamine and riboflavin. The highest accumulation of phenols was recorded 6th days from application, while lignin recorded the highest level at 10th days from application. These results suggested that these chemicals may be play an important role in controlling the soybean charcoal rot disease, though they have induction of systemic resistance in soybean plants.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
All 14 Macrophomina phaseolina isolates infected Giza 21 soybean with varying charcoal rot severity.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Material
- Giza 21e0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Outcome
- charcoal rot on the basil stem with various degrees of diseases severitye0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogenicity of 14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina was tested on soybean cv. Giza 21 under greenhouse conditions. They capable to infect soybean plants caused charcoal rot on the basil stem with various degrees of diseases severity”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate S13 caused the highest charcoal rot severity, 60%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- Isolate S13e0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- charcoal rot severitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Isolate S13 caused the highest charcoal rot severity (60%)”
e1“14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate S11 caused 57.9% charcoal rot severity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- S11e0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae2pathogen
- Outcome
- charcoal rot severitye1
- Value
- 57.9e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by isolates S11 and S8 (57.9 and 56.3 %, respectively)”
e1“charcoal rot severity (60%) followed by isolates S11 and S8 (57.9 and 56.3 %, respectively)”
e2“14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolate S8 caused 56.3% charcoal rot severity.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Material
- S8e0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae2pathogen
- Outcome
- charcoal rot severitye1
- Value
- 56.3 %e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by isolates S11 and S8 (57.9 and 56.3 %, respectively)”
e1“charcoal rot severity (60%) followed by isolates S11 and S8 (57.9 and 56.3 %, respectively)”
e2“14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 2.5 mM, riboflavin produced maximum resistance induction; higher concentrations did not improve it.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 2.5 mM of riboflavine0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae1pathogen
- Outcome
- induction of resistancee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- higher concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.5 mM of riboflavin and 5 mM of thiamine was sufficient for maximum induction of resistance; higher concentration did not increase the effect”
e1“14 isolates of Macrophomina phaseolina”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
At 5 mM, thiamine produced maximum resistance induction; higher concentrations did not improve it.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 5 mM of thiaminee0
- Outcome
- induction of resistancee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Comparator
- higher concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.5 mM of riboflavin and 5 mM of thiamine was sufficient for maximum induction of resistance; higher concentration did not increase the effect”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin treated and pathogen inoculated soybean grew higher and had greater fresh and dry weight than water treated inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- riboflavine0
- Outcome
- grow highere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sterilized distilled water (SDW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with riboflavin and thiamine and inoculated with pathogen grow higher than plants treated with sterilized distilled water (SDW) and inoculated with pathogen, while increased fresh and dry weight of soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine treated and pathogen inoculated soybean grew higher and had greater fresh and dry weight than water treated inoculated plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- thiaminee0
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of soybean plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- sterilized distilled water (SDW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with riboflavin and thiamine and inoculated with pathogen grow higher than plants treated with sterilized distilled water (SDW) and inoculated with pathogen, while increased fresh and dry weight of soybean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fresh and dry weights occurred with 10 mM riboflavin.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 10 mM concentration of riboflavine0
- Outcome
- dry and fresh weightse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 10 mM concentration of riboflavin and thiamin recorded the highest dry and fresh weights”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest fresh and dry weights occurred with 10 mM thiamin.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 10 mM concentration of riboflavin and thiamine0
- Outcome
- dry and fresh weightse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 10 mM concentration of riboflavin and thiamin recorded the highest dry and fresh weights”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin induced resistance within one day, peaking at five to seven days before declining.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- riboflavine0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- 5 to 7 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“riboflavin and thiamine treated soybean plants were inducing resistance one day after treatment and reached its maximum level from 5 to 7 days in case of riboflavin and 6-8 days in case of thiamine and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine induced resistance within one day, peaking at six to eight days before declining.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- thiaminee0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- 6-8 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“riboflavin and thiamine treated soybean plants were inducing resistance one day after treatment and reached its maximum level from 5 to 7 days in case of riboflavin and 6-8 days in case of thiamine and then decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed soaking with either inducer significantly reduced damping off, root rot, and charcoal rot severity in both field seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in any of riboflavin and thiamine before sowinge0
- Outcome
- percentages of damping-off, root rot and/or charcoal rot severitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentages of damping-off, root rot and/or charcoal rot severity were significantly reduced due to soaking the seeds in any of riboflavin and thiamine before sowing in both trial seasons (2008-2009 and 2009-2010)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed treatments significantly increased nodule number and fresh and dry nodule weight in both seasons.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- soaking the seeds in any of riboflavin and thiamine before sowinge1
- Outcome
- nodule numbers plant -1, fresh and dry weight of nodules plant -1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these treatments significantly increased nodule numbers plant -1, fresh and dry weight of nodules plant -1 in both experimental seasons”
e1“soaking the seeds in any of riboflavin and thiamine before sowing”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine generally produced the best results under greenhouse and field conditions.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thiaminee0
- Outcome
- best resultse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thiamine gave the best results in most cases under greenhouse and field conditions”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine increased PO, PPO, PAL, and chitinase activity in inoculated and noninoculated soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thiaminee0
- Gene
- peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyasee0
- Outcome
- activity of defense-related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, pathogenesis related (PR) protein (chitinase), were increased in inoculated and non-inoculated plants treated with the thiamine and riboflavin individually”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Riboflavin increased PO, PPO, PAL, and chitinase activity in inoculated and noninoculated soybean.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- riboflavine0
- Outcome
- activity of defense-related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of defense-related enzymes, including peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, pathogenesis related (PR) protein (chitinase), were increased in inoculated and non-inoculated plants treated with the thiamine and riboflavin individually”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Defense enzyme activity began accumulating after two days and peaked at six to eight days before declining.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- activity of these enzymese0
- Direction
- maximum levelse0
- Qualifier
- 8, 6, 8 and 8 days for PO, PPO, PAL and chitanase, respectivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of these enzymes begins to accumulate after two days of treatment and reached maximum levels at 8, 6, 8 and 8 days for PO, PPO, PAL and chitanase, respectively, then the activities of these enzymes were decreased progressively”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiamine and riboflavin increased total phenols and lignin in infected soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- thiamine and riboflavine0
- Interactor
- M. phaseolinaMacrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen
- Outcome
- total phenols and lignine0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenols and lignin increased in soybean plants inoculated with M. phaseolina and treated with thiamine and riboflavin”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenols peaked on day six and lignin on day ten after application.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- accumulation of phenolse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- 6th days from applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest accumulation of phenols was recorded 6th days from application, while lignin recorded the highest level at 10th days from application”
t0“Soybean”
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