Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of lead (Pb) and combine effect of Pb with brassinolide (BL) on the growth, metabolite contents and enzyme activities in radish plants. Pb suppressed the growth of the radish plants, reduced net photosynthesis rate and soluble sugar levels. Activities of nitrate reductase in radish plants were also reduced under Pb stress. However seed treatment with BL mitigated the adverse effects of Pb and stimulated the growth of radish plants. The growth promotion was associated with enhanced rate of photosynthesis and elevated levels of reducing and total sugars and nitrate reductase activities in radish plants under Pb stress. Under Pb stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidation were increased in radish plants, which were significantly inhibited by BL application. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased during metal stress. Treatment with BL further increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. The BL treatment also enhanced glutathione reductase activity under stress. From the results it can be concluded that BL could play a positive role in the alleviation of oxidative stress caused by ROS by enhancing antioxidant defense system, thus improving the tolerance of radish plants to Pb stress
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Lead suppressed radish growth.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativuse0 - Treatment
- Pbe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pb suppressed the growth of the radish plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead reduced radish net photosynthesis and soluble sugars.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Leadt0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesis rate and soluble sugar levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced net photosynthesis rate and soluble sugar levels.”
t0“Lead Toxicity in Radish”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead reduced radish nitrate reductase activity.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Gene
- nitrate reductasee0
- Outcome
- Activities of nitrate reductasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of nitrate reductase in radish plants were also reduced under Pb stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide seed treatment stimulated growth of lead-stressed radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- seed treatment with BLe0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed treatment with BL mitigated the adverse effects of Pb and stimulated the growth of radish plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide increased photosynthesis in lead-stressed radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Brassinolidet0
- Outcome
- rate of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced rate of photosynthesis and elevated levels of reducing and total sugars and nitrate reductase activities in radish plants under Pb stress.”
t0“Brassinolide”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide elevated reducing and total sugars in lead-stressed radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Brassinolidet0
- Outcome
- levels of reducing and total sugarse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of reducing and total sugars and nitrate reductase activities in radish plants under Pb stress.”
t0“Brassinolide”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide elevated nitrate reductase activity in lead-stressed radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Brassinolidet0
- Outcome
- nitrate reductase activitiese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated levels of reducing and total sugars and nitrate reductase activities in radish plants under Pb stress.”
t0“Brassinolide”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead increased reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- Pb stresse0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under Pb stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidation were increased in radish plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide significantly inhibited lead-associated reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation in radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Treatment
- BL applicatione0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid peroxidation were increased in radish plants, which were significantly inhibited by BL application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal stress increased peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in radish.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- metal stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were increased during metal stress.”
t0“Radish”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide further increased ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- BLe0
- Outcome
- activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with BL further increased the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase.”
t0“Radish”
Claim · model-written summary
Brassinolide enhanced glutathione reductase activity under stress.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- BL treatmente0
- Outcome
- glutathione reductase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The BL treatment also enhanced glutathione reductase activity under stress.”
t0“Radish”
The same questions in other papers
lead atom · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →lead atom · physiology: oxidative · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →lead atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
brassinolide · quality: sugar starch · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
brassinolide · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
brassinolide · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
heavy metal · physiology: enzyme activity · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
seed treatment · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.