Abstract
Nowadays development of varieties with a better nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, i.e. grain yield per unit of nitrogen from soil including fertilizer) is becoming a necessity both to allow the maintenance of a sufficient profit margin for the farmer and to preserve ground water from nitrate pollution. A new breeding aim could be to develop varieties adapted to low N-input. Many studies show a genetic variability for NUE at a given level of ni- trogen fertilization, with a significant genotype x nitrogen fertilization (GxN) interaction. Such an interaction is rela- tively low, as illustrated by a highly significant phenotypic or genotypic correlation between yields at low and high N-input when the yield reduction at low N-input is not greater than about 35%. However, genetic variation is ex- pressed differently at low and high N-input. Variation in NUE at high N-input is mainly related to variation in N- uptake, whereas at low N-input, both components of NUE could play a role, specifically nitrogen utilization ef- ficiency, i.e. grain yield/N-uptake. GxN interaction for grain yield appears to be due to GxN interaction for ker- nel number. To have a good NUE at low N-input, it is necessary to reduce kernel abortion just after fertilization. Genotypes with a short anthesis-silking interval and pro- lific genotypes seem to have the ability to remobilize N from the stover to the grain efficiently, particularly in the early stage of embryo development, avoiding embryo or ear abortion. Leaf area duration appears to be an impor- tant factor for post-silking N-uptake and thus grain filling and is favourable for NUE whatever the N input. Remobi- lization also plays an important role at low N-input. Re- sults from QTL detection tend to confirm that genetic variation is expressed differently at low and high N-input. Selection experiments show that to have the maximum genetic advance at low N-input, it is better to select in this N condition. Finally it appears to be quite possible to develop new varieties better adapted to low N-input than present varieties.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Studies report genetic variation in nitrogen use efficiency at a given fertilization level.
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Many studies show a genetic variability for NUE at a given level of ni- trogen fertilization”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype and nitrogen fertilization interact significantly for nitrogen use efficiency.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a significant genotype x nitrogen fertilization (GxN) interaction”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Low and high nitrogen input yields correlate strongly when yield reduction at low input is at most about 35%.
- Treatment
- low and high N-inpute0
- Outcome
- phenotypic or genotypic correlation between yieldse0
- Value
- about 35%e0
- Qualifier
- when the yield reduction at low N-input is not greater than about 35%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a highly significant phenotypic or genotypic correlation between yields at low and high N-input when the yield reduction at low N-input is not greater than about 35%”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic variation is expressed differently at low and high nitrogen input.
- Outcome
- genetic variation is ex- pressed differently at low and high N-inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genetic variation is ex- pressed differently at low and high N-input”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At high nitrogen input, nitrogen use efficiency variation mainly relates to nitrogen uptake.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Variation in NUE at high N-input is mainly related to variation in N- uptake”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
At low nitrogen input, both nitrogen use efficiency components may matter, particularly utilization efficiency.
- Treatment
- low N-inpute0
- Outcome
- both components of NUE could play a rolee0
- Qualifier
- specifically nitrogen utilization ef- ficiency, i.e. grain yield/N-uptakee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at low N-input, both components of NUE could play a role, specifically nitrogen utilization ef- ficiency, i.e. grain yield/N-uptake”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype by nitrogen effects on grain yield appear to arise from genotype by nitrogen effects on kernel number.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GxN interaction for grain yield appears to be due to GxN interaction for ker- nel number”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing kernel abortion after fertilization is necessary for good nitrogen use efficiency under low input.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“To have a good NUE at low N-input, it is necessary to reduce kernel abortion just after fertilization”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Short anthesis-silking interval and prolific genotypes seem able to remobilize nitrogen efficiently and avoid embryo or ear abortion.
- Material
- Genotypes with a short anthesis-silking interval and pro- lific genotypese0
- Outcome
- remobilize N from the stover to the grain efficientlye0
- Qualifier
- particularly in the early stage of embryo development, avoiding embryo or ear abortione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genotypes with a short anthesis-silking interval and pro- lific genotypes seem to have the ability to remobilize N from the stover to the grain efficiently, particularly in the early stage of embryo development, avoiding embryo or ear abortion”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area duration appears important for post-silking nitrogen uptake, grain filling and nitrogen use efficiency at any nitrogen input.
- Organ / stage
- Leaf areae0
- Outcome
- post-silking N-uptake and thus grain fillinge0
- Qualifier
- is favourable for NUE whatever the N inpute0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area duration appears to be an impor- tant factor for post-silking N-uptake and thus grain filling and is favourable for NUE whatever the N input”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen remobilization also matters at low input.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Remobi- lization also plays an important role at low N-input”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
QTL results tend to support different genetic variation expression at low and high input.
- Outcome
- genetic variation is expressed differently at low and high N-inpute0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Re- sults from QTL detection tend to confirm that genetic variation is expressed differently at low and high N-input”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Selection experiments favor selection under low nitrogen input for maximum genetic gain there.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Selection experiments show that to have the maximum genetic advance at low N-input, it is better to select in this N condition”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Developing varieties better adapted to low nitrogen input appears feasible.
- Outcome
- develop new varieties better adapted to low N-input than present varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it appears to be quite possible to develop new varieties better adapted to low N-input than present varieties”
t0“maize”