Abstract
Competition and interaction among organisms in nature results to selection for traits which confer added advantage. As a result of such interactions between plants and their natural enemies, plants have developed defensive mechanisms, both chemical and physical, to minimize pest damage. Intensive researches were carried out to identify and isolation the gene responsible for resistance plant to insects’ infestation which is used in breeding programs for crops improvement. It can be summarized as follows: 1- Corn ear worm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) can’t cause damage to certain corn strain due to maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, and related compounds in the silks that inhibit corn earworm larval growth. Scientist can identify corn chromosome regions associated with silk maysin concentration, and then used it in producing new hybrid. 2- Other insect such as the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda can’t cause damage to resistance corn due to some factors as high hemicelluloses content, low protein content and leaf toughness. They can also identify a gene code which is controlled by the resistance traits of corn to the fall army worm. 3- However, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) can’t cause damage to certain corn varieties due to high concentrations of 2,4-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in the leaves of mid-whorl stage plants. Scientist indicated that resistance to the European corn borer was identified in Peruvian corn germplasm and the GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) corn collection, then make backcross to produce new resistance strain. 4- Other crops as tomato infested by Tuta absoluta (Meyrick ( but some tomato varieties as Lycopersicon esculentum can resist it due to antixenosis factor which interrupted tomato leaf miner from feed, oviposition and shelter . 5- Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), can’t cause damage to some wheat and barley and others crop due to antibiosis and antixenosis factors. Six sources of resistant wheat, each governed by a different, single gene, have been identified. 6- Two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are herbivorous pests. Additional whitefly infestation to spider-mite infested plants resulted in a reduced attraction of predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis). This interference was shown to result from the reduction in (E)-β-ocimene emission from plantsinfested by both spider mites and whiteflies. 7- Transgenic crops expressing a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were carried out into potato, maize, cotton and soybean to be reduced their insect infestation.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Maysin and related silk compounds inhibit corn earworm larval growth in resistant corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Material
- certain corn straine0
- Organ / stage
- silkse0
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeae0pest - Compound
- maysine0
- Outcome
- corn earworm larval growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Corn ear worm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) can’t cause damage to certain corn strain due to maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, and related compounds in the silks that inhibit corn earworm larval growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromosome regions associated with corn silk maysin concentration were identified.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Gene
- corn chromosome regionse0
- Outcome
- silk maysin concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scientist can identify corn chromosome regions associated with silk maysin concentration, and then used it in producing new hybrid.”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant corn limits fall armyworm damage through leaf composition and toughness.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- resistance corne0
- Interactor
- Spodoptera frugiperda
.jpg?width=60)
Spodoptera frugiperdae0pest - Outcome
- can’t cause damagee0
- Qualifier
- high hemicelluloses content, low protein content and leaf toughnesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda can’t cause damage to resistance corn due to some factors as high hemicelluloses content, low protein content and leaf toughness.”
Claim · model-written summary
A gene controlling corn resistance to fall armyworm was identified.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Interactor
- fall army wormSpodoptera frugiperdae0pest
- Gene
- a gene codee0
- Outcome
- resistance traits of corn to the fall army worme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They can also identify a gene code which is controlled by the resistance traits of corn to the fall army worm.”
Claim · model-written summary
High leaf DIMBOA concentration protects certain corn varieties against European corn borer.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- certain corn varietiese0
- Organ / stage
- leaves of mid-whorl stage plantse0
- Interactor
- Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)
Ostrinia nubilalise0pest - Compound
- 2,4-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA)e0
- Outcome
- can’t cause damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) can’t cause damage to certain corn varieties due to high concentrations of 2,4-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in the leaves of mid-whorl stage plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
European corn borer resistance was identified in Peruvian corn germplasm and GEM corn collection.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Peruvian corn germplasm and the GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) corn collectione0
- Interactor
- European corn borerOstrinia nubilalise0pest
- Outcome
- resistance to the European corn borere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resistance to the European corn borer was identified in Peruvian corn germplasm and the GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) corn collection”
Claim · model-written summary
Some tomato varieties resist Tuta absoluta through antixenosis that interrupts feeding, oviposition and shelter.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- Lycopersicon esculentume0
- Interactor
- tomato leaf miner
Liriomyza bryoniaee0pest - Outcome
- can resist ite0
- Qualifier
- antixenosis factore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato varieties as Lycopersicon esculentum can resist it due to antixenosis factor which interrupted tomato leaf miner from feed, oviposition and shelter”
Claim · model-written summary
Antibiosis and antixenosis prevent Russian wheat aphid damage in some wheat and barley.
- Taxon
- wheat and barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko)
Diuraphis noxiae0pest - Outcome
- can’t cause damagee0
- Qualifier
- antibiosis and antixenosis factorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), can’t cause damage to some wheat and barley and others crop due to antibiosis and antixenosis factors.”
Claim · model-written summary
Six resistant wheat sources each governed by a different single gene were identified.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- a different, single genee0
- Outcome
- sources of resistant wheate0
- Value
- Six sourcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Six sources of resistant wheat, each governed by a different, single gene, have been identified.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly infestation reduced predator attraction to spider mite infested plants.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- whiteflye0pest
- Second interactor
- predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis)
Phytoseiulus persimilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- attraction of predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional whitefly infestation to spider-mite infested plants resulted in a reduced attraction of predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis).”
Claim · model-written summary
Spider mite and whitefly co-infestation reduced plant (E)-β-ocimene emission.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Interactor
- spider mitesTetranychidaee0pest
- Second interactor
- whitefliesAleyrodoideae0pest
- Outcome
- (E)-β-ocimene emissione0
- Direction
- reductione0
Verbatim
e0“reduction in (E)-β-ocimene emission from plantsinfested by both spider mites and whiteflies.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bt expressing potato, maize, cotton and soybean crops had reduced insect infestation.
- Taxon
- potato, maize, cotton and soybean
Gossypium hirsutum
Glycine max
Solanum tuberosum
Zea mayse0 - Gene
- a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt)e0
- Outcome
- insect infestatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transgenic crops expressing a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were carried out into potato, maize, cotton and soybean to be reduced their insect infestation.”