Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius is the key pest of protected tomato production in Spain. The predominant form is biotype “Q”, an efficient vector of tomato yellow leafcurl virus (TYLCV), which is the principal cause of damage. Although management has relied primarily on chemical control, factors such as overlapping crop cycles, insecticide resistance and public pressure have spurred development of alternative management tactics. These include TYLCV-tolerant varieties and pest exclusion methods that, along with more selective insecticides, have created a more compatible environment for biological control. Here we describe trials of an integrated pest management (IPM) system conducted during the fall season in 12 commercial greenhouses throughout the production area compared with 7 greenhouses utilizing only chemical control (termed “conventional”). Each IPM greenhouse was divided into 4 equal sections, two receiving weekly releases of the indigenous Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and two receiving the exotic Eretmocerus eremicus Rose & Zolnerowich. Fewer and more selective pesticides were used in IPM greenhouses compared to conventional greenhouses. Early use of broad-spectrum insecticides in IPM greenhouses appeared to be counterproductive in that establishment of parasitioids was delayed with no real gain in control. Incidence of parasitized whiteflies in IPM greenhouses averaged around 50%, with E. mundus predominating, compared to less than 3% in conventional greenhouses originating from immigrating E. mundus. Whiteflies were on average more numerous on plants in IPM greenhouses although there were exceptions. Also, whitefly populations in IPM greenhouses tended to decrease as the crop matured, in contrast to conventional greenhouses. Biological control was most successful where TYLCV-resistant cultivars and exclusion strategies (insect netting) reduced whitefly populations and the risk of virus disease. Continued acceptance of these tactics, and increasing public demand should create a favorable climate for increased implementation of biologically based pest management in protected tomato culture.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
IPM greenhouses used fewer and more selective pesticides than conventional greenhouses.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- IPMe0
- Outcome
- pesticidese0
- Direction
- Fewere0
- Comparator
- conventional greenhousese0
- Setting
- southern Spaint0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fewer and more selective pesticides were used in IPM greenhouses compared to conventional greenhouses.”
t0“greenhouse tomatoes of southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Early broad-spectrum insecticide use appeared to delay parasitoid establishment without a real gain in control.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Early use of broad-spectrum insecticidese0
- Outcome
- establishment of parasitioidse0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- no real gain in controle0
- Setting
- southern Spaint0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early use of broad-spectrum insecticides in IPM greenhouses appeared to be counterproductive in that establishment of parasitioids was delayed with no real gain in control.”
t0“greenhouse tomatoes of southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitized whitefly incidence averaged around 50% in IPM greenhouses versus less than 3% in conventional greenhouses, with E. mundus predominating.
- Taxon
- whitefliesAleyrodoideae0
- Treatment
- IPMe0
- Interactor
- E. mundusEretmocerus munduse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Incidence of parasitized whitefliese0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- around 50%e0
- Qualifier
- less than 3%e0
- Comparator
- conventional greenhousese0
Verbatim
e0“Incidence of parasitized whiteflies in IPM greenhouses averaged around 50%, with E. mundus predominating, compared to less than 3% in conventional greenhouses originating from immigrating E. mundus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whiteflies were on average more numerous on plants in IPM than conventional greenhouses, with exceptions.
Verbatim
e0“Whiteflies were on average more numerous on plants in IPM greenhouses although there were exceptions.”
e1“7 greenhouses utilizing only chemical control (termed “conventional”)”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly populations in IPM greenhouses tended to decrease as the crop matured, unlike conventional greenhouses.
Verbatim
e0“whitefly populations in IPM greenhouses tended to decrease as the crop matured, in contrast to conventional greenhouses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biological control was most successful with TYLCV-resistant cultivars and insect netting that reduced whitefly populations and virus disease risk.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- TYLCV-resistant cultivars and exclusion strategies (insect netting)e0
- Interactor
- whiteflye0pest
- Outcome
- whitefly populations and the risk of virus diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- southern Spaint0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biological control was most successful where TYLCV-resistant cultivars and exclusion strategies (insect netting) reduced whitefly populations and the risk of virus disease.”
t0“greenhouse tomatoes of southern Spain”
Claim · model-written summary
Continued acceptance of these tactics and public demand should favor further biological pest management in protected tomato culture.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- increased implementation of biologically based pest managemente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Continued acceptance of these tactics, and increasing public demand should create a favorable climate for increased implementation of biologically based pest management in protected tomato culture.”
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