Abstract
Many flowering plants engage in mutualistic interactions with animals in order to sexually reproduce, exchanging food rewards such as nectar and pollen for the service of pollen transfer between flowers. Floral reward variation strongly influences visitation patterns of both pollinating mutualists and non-mutualist consumers, with consequences for both male and female components of plant reproductive success. Despite the importance of pollination to ecological systems, the pollination ecology of many plants is poorly known. At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb. We found that the plant is autogamous, but requires pollinator visitation to set seed. C. glabra flowers are protandrous, with floral rewards that vary between male and female sex phases. We found diurnal variation in reward presentation that was a function of both floral phenology and consumer behavior. Bombus vagans Smith, the most common visitor to C. glabra flowers, removed a large fraction of available pollen (>36%) in single visits to newly opened flowers, and compared to other flower visitors, passively transported more pollen on flights between flowers and deposited more to conspecific stigmas, suggesting it was the most effective pollinator. The solitary bee Hylaeus annulatus L. made frequent visits to flowers, but contributed little to pollination due to morphological mismatch and because it avoided male-phase flowers. Despite high bee visitation rates, flowers were pollen limited for seed production, possibly indicating a negative effect of non-pollinating flower visitors on plant reproductive success.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Chelone glabra is autogamous.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabra
Chelone glabrae0 - Outcome
- autogamouse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e1“We found that the plant is autogamous, but requires pollinator visitation to set seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelone glabra requires pollinator visitation to set seed.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- pollinatore1pollinator
- Outcome
- set seede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e1“We found that the plant is autogamous, but requires pollinator visitation to set seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelone glabra flowers are protandrous.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Outcome
- protandrouse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e2“C. glabra flowers are protandrous, with floral rewards that vary between male and female sex phases”
Claim · model-written summary
Floral rewards of Chelone glabra vary between male and female sex phases.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Outcome
- floral rewardse2
- Qualifier
- vary between male and female sex phasese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e2“C. glabra flowers are protandrous, with floral rewards that vary between male and female sex phases”
Claim · model-written summary
Reward presentation in Chelone glabra shows diurnal variation linked to floral phenology and consumer behaviour.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Outcome
- reward presentatione3
- Qualifier
- diurnal variatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e3“We found diurnal variation in reward presentation that was a function of both floral phenology and consumer behavior”
Claim · model-written summary
Bombus vagans Smith removed more than 36% of available pollen in single visits to newly opened Chelone glabra flowers.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Bombus vagans Smith
Bombus vaganse4pollinator - Outcome
- removed a large fraction of available pollene4
- Value
- >36%e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e4“Bombus vagans Smith, the most common visitor to C. glabra flowers, removed a large fraction of available pollen (>36%) in single visits to newly opened flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Bombus vagans passively transported more pollen between Chelone glabra flowers than other flower visitors.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Bombus vagansBombus vaganse4pollinator
- Outcome
- passively transportede5
- Direction
- moree5
- Qualifier
- on flights between flowerse5
- Comparator
- other flower visitorse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e4“Bombus vagans Smith, the most common visitor to C. glabra flowers, removed a large fraction of available pollen (>36%) in single visits to newly opened flowers”
e5“compared to other flower visitors, passively transported more pollen on flights between flowers and deposited more to conspecific stigmas, suggesting it was the most effective pollinator”
Claim · model-written summary
Bombus vagans deposited more pollen on conspecific stigmas than other flower visitors of Chelone glabra.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Bombus vagansBombus vaganse4pollinator
- Outcome
- conspecific stigmase5
- Direction
- deposited moree5
- Comparator
- other flower visitorse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e4“Bombus vagans Smith, the most common visitor to C. glabra flowers, removed a large fraction of available pollen (>36%) in single visits to newly opened flowers”
e5“compared to other flower visitors, passively transported more pollen on flights between flowers and deposited more to conspecific stigmas, suggesting it was the most effective pollinator”
Claim · model-written summary
Hylaeus annulatus made frequent visits to Chelone glabra flowers.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Hylaeus annulatus L.
.jpg?width=60)
Hylaeus annulatuse6pollinator - Outcome
- frequent visits to flowerse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e6“The solitary bee Hylaeus annulatus L. made frequent visits to flowers, but contributed little to pollination due to morphological mismatch and because it avoided male-phase flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Hylaeus annulatus contributed little to Chelone glabra pollination due to morphological mismatch.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Hylaeus annulatus L.Hylaeus annulatuse6pollinator
- Outcome
- contributed little to pollinatione6
- Qualifier
- due to morphological mismatche6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e6“The solitary bee Hylaeus annulatus L. made frequent visits to flowers, but contributed little to pollination due to morphological mismatch and because it avoided male-phase flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Hylaeus annulatus avoided male-phase Chelone glabra flowers.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- Hylaeus annulatus L.Hylaeus annulatuse6pollinator
- Outcome
- avoided male-phase flowerse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e6“The solitary bee Hylaeus annulatus L. made frequent visits to flowers, but contributed little to pollination due to morphological mismatch and because it avoided male-phase flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Chelone glabra flowers were pollen limited for seed production despite high bee visitation rates.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Outcome
- seed productione7
- Qualifier
- pollen limitede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e7“Despite high bee visitation rates, flowers were pollen limited for seed production, possibly indicating a negative effect of non-pollinating flower visitors on plant reproductive success”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-pollinating flower visitors may have a negative effect on Chelone glabra reproductive success.
- Taxon
- Chelone glabraChelone glabrae0
- Interactor
- non-pollinating flower visitorse7other
- Outcome
- plant reproductive successe7
- Direction
- negative effecte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At seven sites over three years, we studied the mating system, floral visitors and pollen limitation of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.), an eastern North America wetland herb”
e7“Despite high bee visitation rates, flowers were pollen limited for seed production, possibly indicating a negative effect of non-pollinating flower visitors on plant reproductive success”