Abstract
Global surface temperature is projected to warm over the coming decades, with regional differences expected in temperature change, rainfall and the frequency of extreme events. Temperature is a major determinant of crop growth and development, affecting planting date, growing season length and yield. We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries, and simulated adaptation through changing planting date and variety. Increasing temperature resulted in reduced growing season lengths and ultimately reduced yields for both crops. The global yield for maize decreased as temperature increased, although the severity of the decrease was dependent on geographic region. Small temperature increases of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield, although yield decreased as temperature increased. These negative effects, however, were partly compensated for by the implementation of adaptation strategies including planting earlier in the season and changing variety. The degree of compensation was dependent on geographical area and crop, with maize adaptation delaying the negative effects of temperature on yield, compared to soybean adaptation which increased yield in China, India and Korea DPR as well as delaying the effects in the remaining countries. The results of this paper indicate the degree to which farmer-controlled adaptation strategies can alleviate the negative impacts of increasing temperature on two major crop species.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced maize global yield, with severity depending on geographic region.
- Treatment
- mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °Ce0
- Outcome
- global yielde2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Qualifier
- dependent on geographic regione2
- Setting
- globallye0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries”
e2“The global yield for maize decreased as temperature increased, although the severity of the decrease was dependent on geographic region”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe3 - Treatment
- Small temperature increases of 0.5 °Ce3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- no effecte3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries”
e3“Small temperature increases of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield, although yield decreased as temperature increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced soybean yield as temperature increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °Ce0
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries”
e3“Small temperature increases of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield, although yield decreased as temperature increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced the maize growing season length.
- Treatment
- mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °Ce0
- Outcome
- growing season lengthse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries”
e1“Increasing temperature resulted in reduced growing season lengths and ultimately reduced yields for both crops”
e2“The global yield for maize decreased as temperature increased, although the severity of the decrease was dependent on geographic region”
Claim · model-written summary
Warming reduced the soybean growing season length.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °Ce0
- Outcome
- growing season lengthse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We investigated the effects of increments of mean global temperature warming from 0.5 °C to 4 °C on soybean and maize development and yield, both globally and for the main producing countries”
e1“Increasing temperature resulted in reduced growing season lengths and ultimately reduced yields for both crops”
e3“Small temperature increases of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield, although yield decreased as temperature increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize adaptation by earlier planting and variety change delayed the negative effects of warming on maize yield.
- Treatment
- planting earlier in the season and changing varietye4
- Outcome
- negative effects of temperature on yielde5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These negative effects, however, were partly compensated for by the implementation of adaptation strategies including planting earlier in the season and changing variety”
e5“The degree of compensation was dependent on geographical area and crop, with maize adaptation delaying the negative effects of temperature on yield, compared to soybean adaptation which increased yield in China, India and Korea DPR as well as delaying the effects in the remaining countries”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean adaptation increased yield in China, India and Korea DPR under warming.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- planting earlier in the season and changing varietye4
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Setting
- China, India and Korea DPRe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These negative effects, however, were partly compensated for by the implementation of adaptation strategies including planting earlier in the season and changing variety”
e5“The degree of compensation was dependent on geographical area and crop, with maize adaptation delaying the negative effects of temperature on yield, compared to soybean adaptation which increased yield in China, India and Korea DPR as well as delaying the effects in the remaining countries”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean adaptation delayed the effects of warming in the remaining countries.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe5
- Treatment
- planting earlier in the season and changing varietye4
- Outcome
- effectse5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- in the remaining countriese5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These negative effects, however, were partly compensated for by the implementation of adaptation strategies including planting earlier in the season and changing variety”
e5“The degree of compensation was dependent on geographical area and crop, with maize adaptation delaying the negative effects of temperature on yield, compared to soybean adaptation which increased yield in China, India and Korea DPR as well as delaying the effects in the remaining countries”
The same questions in other papers
heat · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →climate site · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 36 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- negative
69 papers more in this group
See all 73 papers →heat · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
67 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
81 papers more in this group
See all 85 papers →climate site · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
101 papers in the same direction as this paper · 73 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- positive
- negative
176 papers more in this group
See all 180 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.