Abstract
Heavy metal toxicity has been known for more than a century and focus on the effects of heavy metals particularly on plant growth and development has only recently received more attention due to increasing pollution day by day. The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions. The doses of 1, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm were used in the present experiments. The percentage of seed germination and early seedling growth were affected by Cr, Pb and Sn at higher concentrations. It has been observed that the effect of chromium is very significant and a drastic decrease in seed germination was noticed as well as early seedling growth with increasing concentrations especially at 50 and 100 ppm when compared to other heavy metals. Both lead and tin exhibited gradual/moderate reduction in seed germination and shoot length with increasing concentrations. In contrast, an abnormal root growth was noticed in tin treatments. The content of total chlorophyll decreased with increasing chromium concentrations. Similarly, abnormal total chlorophyll content was noticed in both lead and tin treatments. This investigation may be useful to study plant growth patterns particularly in areas polluted with heavy metals.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium caused a drastic decrease in seed germination and early seedling growth of green gram, especially at 50 and 100 ppm, compared with other heavy metals.
- Taxon
- green gram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatae0 - Treatment
- chromiume1
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- drastic decreasee1
- Qualifier
- at 50 and 100 ppme1
- Comparator
- other heavy metalse1
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e1“It has been observed that the effect of chromium is very significant and a drastic decrease in seed germination was noticed as well as early seedling growth with increasing concentrations especially at 50 and 100 ppm when compared to other heavy metals”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead caused a gradual or moderate reduction in seed germination and shoot length of green gram with increasing concentrations.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- leade2
- Outcome
- seed germination and shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- gradual/moderate reductione2
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e2“Both lead and tin exhibited gradual/moderate reduction in seed germination and shoot length with increasing concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Tin caused a gradual or moderate reduction in seed germination and shoot length of green gram with increasing concentrations.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- tine2
- Outcome
- seed germination and shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- gradual/moderate reductione2
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e2“Both lead and tin exhibited gradual/moderate reduction in seed germination and shoot length with increasing concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Tin caused abnormal root growth in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- tin treatmentse3
- Outcome
- root growthe3
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e3“In contrast, an abnormal root growth was noticed in tin treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll content of green gram decreased with increasing chromium concentrations.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- chromiume4
- Outcome
- content of total chlorophylle4
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e4“The content of total chlorophyll decreased with increasing chromium concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Lead caused abnormal total chlorophyll content in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- leade5
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente5
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e5“Similarly, abnormal total chlorophyll content was noticed in both lead and tin treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tin caused abnormal total chlorophyll content in green gram.
- Taxon
- green gramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Treatment
- tine5
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente5
- Setting
- in vitro growth conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) on green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] were studied in the present investigation under in vitro growth conditions”
e5“Similarly, abnormal total chlorophyll content was noticed in both lead and tin treatments”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.