Abstract
Chromium (Cr) presently used in various major industries and its residues possess a potent environmental threat. Contamination of soil and water resources due to Cr ions and its toxicity has adversely affected plant growth and crop productivity. Here, deleterious effects of different levels of Cr (VI) treatments i.e., 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μM on two mungbean cultivars, Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR), in hydroponic and pot conditions were evaluated. Germination, seedling growth, biomass production, antioxidant enzyme, electrolytic leakage, oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde), and proline content were determined to evaluate the performance of both cultivars under hydroponic conditions for 15 days. The hydroponic results were further compared with the growth and seed yield attributes of both the genotypes in pot experiments performed over 2 years. Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl- a , Chl- b , nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level. Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60–90 μM but declined at 120 μM. Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar. Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions. Furthermore, for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations. Overall results suggest that (PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV) at the seedling stage and in pot conditions. Furthermore, (PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
At 120 μM chromium, seedling growth and biomass declined significantly.
- Taxon
- mungbean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- Seedling growth, biomass productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl- a , Chl- b , nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 120 μM chromium, chlorophyll and nitrogen content declined significantly.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl- a , Chl- be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling growth, biomass production, total chlorophyll (Chl), Chl- a , Chl- b , nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content declined significantly at 120 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen content, plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height and seed yield declined significantly at 120 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant height, seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed protein declined significantly at 120 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- seed proteine0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed protein, and seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed yield declined significantly at 120 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- 120 μM Cr stress levele0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed yield decreased significantly under the 120 μM Cr stress level.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf antioxidant enzymes rose at 60–90 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Cr exposure at 60–90 μMe0
- Outcome
- Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase increased in the leaves following Cr exposure at 60–90 μM”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf antioxidant enzyme activities declined at 120 μM chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae2
- Treatment
- 120 μMe0
- Outcome
- Activities of antioxidant enzymese1
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but declined at 120 μM.”
e1“Activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase”
e2“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield were greater in the sensitive cultivar.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Material
- sensitivee0
- Outcome
- growth and seed yield attributese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- tolerant cultivare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr-induced reductions in growth and seed yield attributes were more in the sensitive than in the tolerant cultivar.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium accumulation in roots, stems, leaves and seeds rose with chromium concentration.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems, leaves, and seedse0
- Treatment
- Cr concentrationse0
- Outcome
- Cr accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- pot conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cr accumulation in the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds increased with an increase in Cr concentrations in the pot conditions.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphophysiological characteristics were negatively correlated under high chromium.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- high Cr concentrationse0
- Outcome
- morpho-physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- negative correlationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for both cultivars, there were significant negative correlations in morpho-physiological characteristics under high Cr concentrations.”
e1“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Pusa Ratna was more sensitive to chromium than Pusa Vishal.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae2
- Material
- Pusa Ratnae1
- Outcome
- sensitive to Cr stresse0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- Pusa Vishale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(PR) is more sensitive to Cr stress (PV)”
e1“Pusa Vishal (PV) and Pusa Ratna (PR)”
e2“mungbean cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose Pusa Vishal for chromium tolerance research and breeding.
- Taxon
- mungbeanVigna radiatae2
- Material
- Pusa Vishale1
- Outcome
- study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varietiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(PV) can be utilized to study the mechanisms of Cr tolerance and in breeding programs to develop Cr-resistant varieties.”
e1“Pusa Vishal (PV)”
e2“mungbean cultivars”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.