Abstract
In Citrus, water, nutrient transport and thereby fruit production, are influenced among other factors, by the interaction between rootstock and boron (B) nutrition. This study aimed to investigate how B affects the anatomical structure of roots and leaves as well as leaf gas exchange in sweet orange trees grafted on two contrasting rootstocks in response to B supply. Plants grafted on Swingle citrumelo or Sunki mandarin were grown in a nutrient solution of varying B concentration (deficient, adequate, and excessive). Those grafted on Swingle were more tolerant to both B deficiency and toxicity than those on Sunki, as revealed by higher shoot and root growth. In addition, plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation. Our data revealed that trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth under low B availablitlity in the root medium and still respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels. Taken together, those traits improved water and B transport to the plant canopy. Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki. From a practical point of view, our results highlight that B management in citrus orchards shall take into account rootstock varieties, of which the Swingle rootstock was characterized by its performance on regulating anatomical and ultrastructural damages, improving water transport and limiting negative impacts of B stress conditions on plant growth.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Swingle-grafted plants tolerated B deficiency and toxicity better than Sunki-grafted plants, with greater shoot and root growth.
- Material
- Swinglee0
- Treatment
- B deficiency and toxicitye0
- Outcome
- shoot and root growthe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Sunkie0
CitrusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Those grafted on Swingle were more tolerant to both B deficiency and toxicity than those on Sunki, as revealed by higher shoot and root growth.”
t0“Citrus Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunki-grafted plants had thicker xylem cell walls under B deficiency.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Material
- Sunkie0
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- xylem cell wallse0
- Direction
- thickeninge0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunki-grafted plants had impaired leaf-specific hydraulic conductance under B deficiency.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Material
- Sunkie0
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductancee0
- Direction
- impairmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunki-grafted plants had impaired leaf CO2 assimilation under B deficiency.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Material
- Sunkie0
- Treatment
- B deficiencye0
- Outcome
- leaf CO2 assimilatione0
- Direction
- impairmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“plants grafted on Sunki exhibited more severe anatomical and physiological damages under B deficiency, showing thickening of xylem cell walls and impairments in whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductance and leaf CO2 assimilation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Swingle-grafted trees sustained better growth under low B availability.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth under low B availablitlity in the root medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Swingle-grafted trees increased B absorption with increased B supply.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels.”
t0“Citrus Trees”
e1“trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Swingle-grafted trees increased root growth with increased B supply.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels.”
t0“Citrus Trees”
e1“trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Swingle-grafted trees showed better xylem vessel organization with increased B supply.
- Material
- Swinglee1
- Treatment
- increased B levelse0
- Outcome
- organization of xylem vesselse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“respond positively to increased B levels by combining higher B absorption and root growth as well as better organization of xylem vessels.”
t0“Citrus Trees”
e1“trees grafted on Swingle sustain better growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock reduced leaf anatomical and ultrastructural damage relative to Sunki.
Verbatim
e0“Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock improved water transport relative to Sunki.
Verbatim
e0“Under B toxicity, Swingle rootstock would also favor plant growth by reducing anatomical and ultrastructural damage to leaf tissue and improving water transport compared with plants grafted on Sunki.”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrus orchard B management should account for rootstock variety.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B management in citrus orchards shall take into account rootstock varieties”
The same questions in other papers
boron atom · growth · CitrusPositive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
boron atom · pest · CitrusResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
boron atom · nutrient: content · CitrusResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.