Abstract
Representatives of Pectobacterium genus are some of the most harmful phytopathogens in the world. In the present study, we have elucidated novel aspects of plant-Pectobacterium atrosepticum interactions. This bacterium was recently demonstrated to form specific 'multicellular' structures - bacterial emboli in the xylem vessels of infected plants. In our work, we showed that the process of formation of these structures includes the pathogen-induced reactions of the plant. The colonisation of the plant by P. atrosepticum is coupled with the release of a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan I, into the vessel lumen from the plant cell wall. This polysaccharide gives rise to a gel that serves as a matrix for bacterial emboli. P. atrosepticum-caused infection involves an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the vessels, creating the conditions for the scission of polysaccharides and modification of plant cell wall composition. Both the release of rhamnogalacturonan I and the increase in ROS precede colonisation of the vessels by bacteria and occur only in the primary xylem vessels, the same as the subsequent formation of bacterial emboli. Since the appearance of rhamnogalacturonan I and increase in ROS levels do not hamper the bacterial cells and form a basis for the assembly of bacterial emboli, these reactions may be regarded as part of the susceptible response of the plant. Bacterial emboli thus represent the products of host-pathogen integration, since the formation of these structures requires the action of both partners.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Plant reactions contribute to bacterial embolus formation.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Interactor
- Pectobacterium atrosepticum
Pectobacterium atrosepticume1pathogen - Outcome
- formation of these structurese0
- Qualifier
- pathogen-induced reactions of the plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the process of formation of these structures includes the pathogen-induced reactions of the plant.”
e1“plant-Pectobacterium atrosepticum interactions”
Claim · model-written summary
P. atrosepticum colonization accompanies release of rhamnogalacturonan I from plant cell walls into vessel lumens.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Organ / stage
- plant cell walle0
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume0pathogen
- Outcome
- release of a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan Ie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The colonisation of the plant by P. atrosepticum is coupled with the release of a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan I, into the vessel lumen from the plant cell wall.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhamnogalacturonan I forms a gel matrix for bacterial emboli.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume1pathogen
- Compound
- rhamnogalacturonan Ie1
- Outcome
- gel that serves as a matrix for bacterial embolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This polysaccharide gives rise to a gel that serves as a matrix for bacterial emboli.”
e1“The colonisation of the plant by P. atrosepticum is coupled with the release of a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan I”
Claim · model-written summary
P. atrosepticum infection increased reactive oxygen species in vessels.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Organ / stage
- vesselse0
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume0pathogen
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) levelse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. atrosepticum-caused infection involves an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the vessels”
e1“reactions of the plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased ROS provides conditions for polysaccharide scission and cell wall modification.
Verbatim
e0“creating the conditions for the scission of polysaccharides and modification of plant cell wall composition.”
e1“increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the vessels”
e2“reactions of the plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhamnogalacturonan I release precedes bacterial colonization and occurs only in primary xylem.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Organ / stage
- primary xylem vesselse0
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume2pathogen
- Outcome
- release of rhamnogalacturonan Ie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the release of rhamnogalacturonan I and the increase in ROS precede colonisation of the vessels by bacteria and occur only in the primary xylem vessels”
e1“reactions of the plant”
e2“P. atrosepticum-caused infection”
Claim · model-written summary
ROS increase precedes colonization and occurs only in primary xylem.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Organ / stage
- primary xylem vesselse0
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume2pathogen
- Outcome
- increase in ROSe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both the release of rhamnogalacturonan I and the increase in ROS precede colonisation of the vessels by bacteria and occur only in the primary xylem vessels”
e1“reactions of the plant”
e2“P. atrosepticum-caused infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial emboli form only in primary xylem vessels.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Organ / stage
- primary xylem vesselse0
- Interactor
- P. atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume2pathogen
- Outcome
- formation of bacterial embolie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“occur only in the primary xylem vessels, the same as the subsequent formation of bacterial emboli”
e1“reactions of the plant”
e2“P. atrosepticum-caused infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhamnogalacturonan I release and ROS accumulation are interpreted as susceptible plant responses that enable emboli.
Verbatim
e0“these reactions may be regarded as part of the susceptible response of the plant.”
e1“the appearance of rhamnogalacturonan I and increase in ROS levels do not hamper the bacterial cells and form a basis for the assembly of bacterial emboli”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial emboli require action from both plant and pathogen.
- Taxon
- plante1
- Interactor
- Pectobacterium atrosepticumPectobacterium atrosepticume1pathogen
- Outcome
- formation of these structurese0
- Qualifier
- requires the action of both partnerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bacterial emboli thus represent the products of host-pathogen integration, since the formation of these structures requires the action of both partners.”
e1“plant-Pectobacterium atrosepticum interactions”