Paper · 2015 · Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Errors in Net Ecosystem Exchanges of CO2, Water Vapor, and Heat Caused by Storage Fluxes Calculated by Single-level Scalar Measurements Over a Rice Paddy

Minkyu Moon; Minseok Kang; Bindu Malla Thakuri; et al.

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Abstract

에디 공분산 방법(eddy covariance method)을 이용한 이산화탄소($CO_2$), 수증기($H_2O$), 현열(sensible heat)의 순생태계과환량[net ecosystem exchange (NEE)]은 에디 플럭스(eddy flux, $F_c$)와 저장 플럭스(storage flux, $F_s$)의 합으로 어림한다. 스칼라의 흡원과 발원의 세기와 분포, 연직 난류 혼합의 정도에 따라 스칼라의 변화율은 높이에 따라 다르게 나타난다. 따라서 정확한 $F_s$를 얻기 위해서는 프로파일 시스템을 운용하여 높이에 따라 달라지는 스칼라의 변화율을 고려하여야 한다. 하지만 아시아의 대부분의 농경지 관측지에서는 프로파일 시스템을 운용하지 않고, $F_c$ 관측 지점과 지면 사이에서 높이와 관계없이 스칼라 변화율이 동일하다는 가정하에 에디 공분산 시스템에서 관측되는 스칼라 변화율 만으로 $F_s$를 산정한다. 본 연구에서는 논에서 에디 공분산 관측 높이에서 측정된 $F_s$(프로파일 시스템에서 관측된 단일 높이의 스칼라만을 이용한 $F_s$, $F_s_{-single}$)와 프로파일 관측(에디 공분산 관측지점과 지면 사이의 여러 높이에서 스칼라 관측)을 이용한 FS와의 차이를 정량화하고, $F_s_{-single}$로 NEE를 산정할 때 발생하는 오차를 확인하기 위해, 경기도 여주에 위치한 청미천 농경지 플럭스 관측지(Chengmicheon Farmland Korea, CFK)에서 에디공분산 방법과 프로파일 시스템을 이용해 $CO_2$, $H_2O$, 기온($T_a$)의 $F_c$와 $F_s$를 측정하였다. $CO_2$, $H_2O$, $T_a$는 흡원과 발원의 강도와 분포, 대기 경계층의 안정도에 따라 높이별로 변화율이 달랐고, 그 결과 $F_s_{-single}$은 $F_s$를 과소 또는 과대 평가하였다[특히, 해질 녘과 해 뜰 녘(0430-0800h와 1630-2000h)에 $CO_2$의 $F_s$를 평균 21% 과소평가]. $F_s_{-single}$로 인해 발생하는 NEE 계산의 오차는 $F_{CO_2}$의 경우, 하루 중 시간에 따라 밤(2030-0400h), 해 질 녘과 해 뜰 녘에 각각 평균적으로 3%, 2%씩 $F_{CO_2}$를 과소평가했다. 이러한 차이는 $F_{CO_2}$의 야간 자료 보정과 분배의 과정에서 논의 탄소수지를 과소평가하게 할 수 있다. 이와는 다르게 LE, H의 경우 시간에 관계없이 거의 차이를 보이지 않았다. Using eddy covariance method, net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of $CO_2$ ($F_{CO_2}$), $H_2O$ (LE), and sensible heat (H) can be approximated as the sum of eddy flux ($F_c$) and storage flux term ($F_s$). Depending on strength and distribution of sink/source of scalars and magnitude of vertical turbulence mixing, the rates of changes in scalars are different with height. In order to calculate $F_s$ accurately, the differences should be considered using scalar profile measurement. However, most of flux sites for agricultural lands in Asia do not operate profile system and estimate $F_s$ using single-level scalars from eddy covariance system under the assumption that the rates of changes in scalars are constant regardless of the height. In this study, we measured $F_c$ and $F_s$ of $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and air temperature ($T_a$) using eddy covariance and profile system (i.e., the multi-level measurement system in scalars from eddy covariance measurement height to the land surface) at the Chengmicheon farmland site in Korea (CFK) in order to quantify the differences between $F_s$ calculated by single-level measurements ($F_s_{-single}$ i.e., $F_s$ from scalars measured by profile system only at eddy covariance system measurement height) and $F_s$ calculated by profile measurements and verify the errors of NEE caused by $F_s_{-single}$. The rate of change in $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and Ta were varied with height depending on the magnitudes and distribution of sink and source and the stability in the atmospheric boundary layer. Thus, $F_s_{-single}$ underestimated or overestimated $F_s$ (especially 21% underestimation in $F_s$ of $CO_2$ around sunrise and sunset (0430-0800 h and 1630-2000 h)). For $F_{CO_2}$, the errors in $F_s_{-single}$ generated 3% and 2% underestimation of $F_{CO_2}$ during nighttime (2030-0400 h) and around sunrise and sunset, respectively. In the process of nighttime correction and partitioning of $F_{CO_2}$, these differences would cause an underestimation in carbon balance at the rice paddy. In contrast, there were little differences at the errors in LE and H caused by the error in $F_s_{-single}$, irrespective of time.

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Claims 7

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Rates of change in CO2, water vapor and air temperature varied with height.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
rate of change in $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and Tae0
Direction
variede0
Qualifier
with heighte0

Verbatim

e0

“The rate of change in $CO_2$, $H_2O$, and Ta were varied with height depending on the magnitudes and distribution of sink and source and the stability in the atmospheric boundary layer.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2571–2756 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultmixedmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Single-level storage flux estimates could be below or above profile estimates.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
$F_s$e0
Direction
underestimated or overestimatede0
Comparator
$F_s_{-single}$e0

Verbatim

e0

“$F_s_{-single}$ underestimated or overestimated $F_s$”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2763–2816 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Single-level estimates underestimated CO2 storage flux by 21% around sunrise and sunset.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
$F_s$ of $CO_2$e0
Direction
underestimatione0
Value
21%e0
Qualifier
around sunrise and sunset (0430-0800 h and 1630-2000 h)e0

Verbatim

e0

“21% underestimation in $F_s$ of $CO_2$ around sunrise and sunset (0430-0800 h and 1630-2000 h)”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2829–2923 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Single-level storage estimates underestimated CO2 exchange by 3% at night.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
$F_{CO_2}$e0
Direction
underestimatione0
Value
3%e0
Qualifier
during nighttime (2030-0400 h)e0

Verbatim

e0

“3% and 2% underestimation of $F_{CO_2}$ during nighttime (2030-0400 h) and around sunrise and sunset, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2982–3096 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Single-level storage estimates underestimated CO2 exchange by 2% around sunrise and sunset.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
$F_{CO_2}$e0
Direction
underestimatione0
Value
2%e0
Qualifier
around sunrise and sunsete0

Verbatim

e0

“3% and 2% underestimation of $F_{CO_2}$ during nighttime (2030-0400 h) and around sunrise and sunset, respectively”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 2982–3096 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑
Mechanismauthor interpretationoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The flux differences could lead to underestimation of rice paddy carbon balance during correction and partitioning.

Taxon
rice paddye0
Outcome
carbon balancee0
Direction
underestimatione0
Qualifier
nighttime correction and partitioning of $F_{CO_2}$e0

Verbatim

e0

“In the process of nighttime correction and partitioning of $F_{CO_2}$, these differences would cause an underestimation in carbon balance at the rice paddy.”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3098–3254 · show in text ↑
Method / resourceobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Single-level storage errors produced little difference in latent and sensible heat flux errors.

Taxon
Rice Paddyt0
Outcome
errors in LE and He0
Direction
little differencese0
Qualifier
irrespective of timee0
Comparator
$F_s_{-single}$e0

Verbatim

e0

“there were little differences at the errors in LE and H caused by the error in $F_s_{-single}$, irrespective of time”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 3268–3384 · show in text ↑
t0

“Rice Paddy”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 143–153 · show in text ↑