Abstract
Bioassays were conducted to test the toxicity of insecticide leaf residue to adults, and contact toxicity to eggs and nymphs of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring. Four insecticides were tested: insecticidal soap (Sunspray oil), mineral oil (M-Pede), extract of Nicotiana gossei Domin (a detergent-like acylsugar), and bifenthrin (a pyrethroid). Purified tap water was used as a control. Bioassays of adults were conducted by dipping whitefly-free tomato leaves into serial dilutions of the insecticides, air-drying for prescribed periods, and exposing adults to leaves in large cup cages for 24 h. Residues of Sunspray oil caused greatest mortality to adults for up to 5 d after treatment, and the LC.50 of 24 h residue to adults was 0.029%. Two-hour leaf residues of bifenthrin at the field rate (0.06 g [AI]/liter) or higher (0.12-0.24 g [AI]/liter) gave >68% mortality of adults, but efficacy was reduced with residues of 24 h (LC50 = 0.034 g [AI]/liter) or older. Dried residues of insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were not effective on adults. Contact bioassays were also conducted on tomato leaves infested with uniform cohorts of eggs or nymphs. Response patterns to insecticides were similar among developmental stages of the whitefly, with young nymphs being the most susceptible, followed by older nymphs and eggs. LC50s of Sunspray oil to young and old nymphs were 0.032 and 0.088%, and of bifenthrin were 0.001 and 0.106 g (AI)/liter, respectively. Insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were all effective on young nymphs, even at very low rates (LC50, 0.15% and 0.08 g [AI]/liter, respectively), but had no significant effect on eggs. N. gossei extract was effective on older nymphs at low rates (LC50 = 0.14 g [AI]/liter), whereas insecticidal soap was not (LC50 = 0.51%).
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Sunspray oil residue caused the greatest adult whitefly mortality for up to five days.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Sunspray oile0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- mortality to adultse0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 5 de0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residues of Sunspray oil caused greatest mortality to adults for up to 5 d after treatment”
e1“whitefly-free tomato leaves”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The LC50 of 24-hour Sunspray oil residue for adult whiteflies was 0.029%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Sunspray oile1
- Interactor
- silverleaf whitefly
Bemisia argentifoliie2pest - Outcome
- LC.50 of 24 h residue to adultse0
- Value
- 0.029%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the LC.50 of 24 h residue to adults was 0.029%”
e1“Residues of Sunspray oil caused greatest mortality to adults”
e2“silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Two-hour bifenthrin residue at field rate or higher caused over 68% adult mortality.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bifenthrin at the field rate (0.06 g [AI]/liter) or higher (0.12-0.24 g [AI]/liter)e0
- Interactor
- silverleaf whiteflyBemisia argentifoliie1pest
- Outcome
- mortality of adultse0
- Value
- >68%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two-hour leaf residues of bifenthrin at the field rate (0.06 g [AI]/liter) or higher (0.12-0.24 g [AI]/liter) gave >68% mortality of adults”
e1“silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Bifenthrin efficacy against adults declined with residues aged 24 hours or more; the 24-hour LC50 was 0.034 g [AI]/liter.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine1
- Interactor
- silverleaf whiteflyBemisia argentifoliie2pest
- Outcome
- efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.034 g [AI]/litere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“efficacy was reduced with residues of 24 h (LC50 = 0.034 g [AI]/liter) or older”
e1“Two-hour leaf residues of bifenthrin”
e2“silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Dried insecticidal soap residue was ineffective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- insecticidal soape0
- Interactor
- silverleaf whiteflyBemisia argentifoliie1pest
- Outcome
- effective on adultse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dried residues of insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were not effective on adults”
e1“silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Dried N. gossei extract residue was ineffective against adult whiteflies.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N. gossei extracte0
- Interactor
- silverleaf whiteflyBemisia argentifoliie1pest
- Outcome
- effective on adultse0
- Direction
- not effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dried residues of insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were not effective on adults”
e1“silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Young whitefly nymphs were most susceptible, followed by older nymphs and eggs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- young nymphs being the most susceptible, followed by older nymphs and eggse0
- Direction
- most susceptiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“young nymphs being the most susceptible, followed by older nymphs and eggs”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunspray oil LC50 for young nymphs was 0.032.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- Sunspray oile0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- LC50se0
- Value
- 0.032e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC50s of Sunspray oil to young and old nymphs were 0.032 and 0.088%, and of bifenthrin were 0.001 and 0.106 g (AI)/liter, respectively”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunspray oil LC50 for old nymphs was 0.088%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- olde0
- Treatment
- Sunspray oile0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- LC50se0
- Value
- 0.088%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC50s of Sunspray oil to young and old nymphs were 0.032 and 0.088%, and of bifenthrin were 0.001 and 0.106 g (AI)/liter, respectively”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
bifenthrin LC50 for young nymphs was 0.001.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- younge0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- LC50se0
- Value
- 0.001e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC50s of Sunspray oil to young and old nymphs were 0.032 and 0.088%, and of bifenthrin were 0.001 and 0.106 g (AI)/liter, respectively”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
bifenthrin LC50 for old nymphs was 0.106 g (AI)/liter.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- olde0
- Treatment
- bifenthrine0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- LC50se0
- Value
- 0.106 g (AI)/litere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LC50s of Sunspray oil to young and old nymphs were 0.032 and 0.088%, and of bifenthrin were 0.001 and 0.106 g (AI)/liter, respectively”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticidal soap was effective on young nymphs at low rates, with LC50 0.15%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Insecticidal soape0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- effective on young nymphse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Value
- 0.15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were all effective on young nymphs, even at very low rates (LC50, 0.15% and 0.08 g [AI]/liter, respectively)”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
N. gossei extract was effective on young nymphs at low rates, with LC50 0.08 g [AI]/liter.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N. gossei extracte0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- effective on young nymphse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Value
- 0.08 g [AI]/litere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were all effective on young nymphs, even at very low rates (LC50, 0.15% and 0.08 g [AI]/liter, respectively)”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticidal soap had no significant effect on whitefly eggs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Insecticidal soape0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- effect on eggse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were all effective on young nymphs, even at very low rates (LC50, 0.15% and 0.08 g [AI]/liter, respectively), but had no significant effect on eggs”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
N. gossei extract had no significant effect on whitefly eggs.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N. gossei extracte0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- effect on eggse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Insecticidal soap and N. gossei extract were all effective on young nymphs, even at very low rates (LC50, 0.15% and 0.08 g [AI]/liter, respectively), but had no significant effect on eggs”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
N. gossei extract was effective against older whitefly nymphs at low rates, LC50 0.14 g [AI]/liter.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N. gossei extracte0
- Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- effective on older nymphse0
- Direction
- effectivee0
- Value
- 0.14 g [AI]/litere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N. gossei extract was effective on older nymphs at low rates (LC50 = 0.14 g [AI]/liter)”
e1“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticidal soap was ineffective against older whitefly nymphs, LC50 0.51%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- insecticidal soape0
- Interactor
- whiteflye2pest
- Outcome
- older nymphse1
- Value
- 0.51%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas insecticidal soap was not (LC50 = 0.51%)”
e1“older nymphs at low rates”
e2“developmental stages of the whitefly”
t0“Tomato Leaves”
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