Abstract
Methyl bromide is a highly efficient fumigant, and is widely used for the fumigation of stored grain, mills, and warehouses. One of its undesirable qualities, at least for seed fumigation, is its phytotoxicity. Viability of seeds may be seriously impaired by excessive treatments with methyl bromide. Tests were conducted to determine the effects of methyl bromide on the viability of barley, corn, grain sorghum, oats, and wheat seeds when fumigated at 80°F. with different combinations of dosage, exposure, and seed moisture content. Gas analyses were made at the end of each fumigation to verify the methyl bromide concentrations. Germination tests were conducted 24 hours, 30 days, and with wheat only, 6 months after fumigation to observe immediate and delayed effects. There was a pronounced decrease in viability in some cases with the increased period of storage after fumigation. In some experiments standardized seedling evaluations were made so that sublethal, injurious effects could be observed. Many of the fumigated seeds sprouted but did not develop normally. A margin of tolerance usually exists between the dosages required for insect control and those which are lethal to high quality, dry seeds. This margin of tolerance is dependent upon the complex interaction of several variable factors, including (1) the fumigant dosage applied, (2) the seed moisture content, (3) the length of exposure, (4) the kind of seed, (5) the period and conditions of storage after fumigation, (6) the fumigation temperature, (7) the history of the seed (age, previous fumigations, etc.), (8) the ratio of commodity to total space in the fumatorium (the sorption capacity), and (9) leakage factors in the fumatorium. Some of these factors were explored here, some have been reported by other workers. In general, the results of the study show that little or no injury occurred when the following combination of condition, existed: (1) the seed moisture was less than 12%, (2) the dosage was less than 2 lb/1000 cu. ft., (3) the exposure period was less than 24 hours, and (4) the temperature was 80° F. High temperature, moisture, dosage, and long exposure all contribute to seed injury from fumigation. When combinations of fumigation conditions occur in which one (or more) of these variables is of a higher order than named above, moderate to extensive germination damage may be expected. The over-all relative order of tolerance of the five species tested was oats> barley> grain sorghum> corn> wheat.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Seed viability decreased markedly in some cases as the storage period after methyl bromide fumigation increased.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat
Avena sativa.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare
Sorghum bicolor
Triticum aestivum
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- increased period of storage after fumigatione0
- Outcome
- viabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“There was a pronounced decrease in viability in some cases with the increased period of storage after fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Many fumigated seeds sprouted but did not develop normally.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and WheatAvena sativaHordeum vulgareSorghum bicolorTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- did not develop normallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“Many of the fumigated seeds sprouted but did not develop normally”
Claim · model-written summary
Little or no seed injury occurred when seed moisture was below 12%, dosage below 2 lb/1000 cu. ft., exposure under 24 hours and temperature 80 F.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and WheatAvena sativaHordeum vulgareSorghum bicolorTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- little or no injurye0
- Qualifier
- the seed moisture was less than 12%, (2) the dosage was less than 2 lb/1000 cu. ft., (3) the exposure period was less than 24 hours, and (4) the temperature was 80° Fe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“little or no injury occurred when the following combination of condition, existed”
e1“the seed moisture was less than 12%, (2) the dosage was less than 2 lb/1000 cu. ft., (3) the exposure period was less than 24 hours, and (4) the temperature was 80° F”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature, moisture, dosage and long exposure all contribute to seed injury from fumigation.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and WheatAvena sativaHordeum vulgareSorghum bicolorTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- High temperature, moisture, dosage, and long exposuree0
- Outcome
- seed injury from fumigatione0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“High temperature, moisture, dosage, and long exposure all contribute to seed injury from fumigation”
Claim · model-written summary
The relative tolerance of the five species to fumigation was oats > barley > grain sorghum > corn > wheat.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and WheatAvena sativaHordeum vulgareSorghum bicolorTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- relative order of tolerancee0
- Value
- oats> barley> grain sorghum> corn> wheate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“The over-all relative order of tolerance of the five species tested was oats> barley> grain sorghum> corn> wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A margin of tolerance usually exists between dosages required for insect control and those lethal to high quality dry seeds.
- Taxon
- Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and WheatAvena sativaHordeum vulgareSorghum bicolorTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- margin of tolerancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Barley, Corn, Grain Sorghum, Oats, and Wheat Seeds”
e0“A margin of tolerance usually exists between the dosages required for insect control and those which are lethal to high quality, dry seeds”