Abstract
An observation of various temperatures influenced by windbreak net was carried out at the paddy rice fields in Naganuma, Hokkaido from June 22 to July 1, 1978. As the decreasing effect of windspeed has been considerably recognized by many other references until now, an investigation was done only on a subject of various temperatures, i.e., leaf, air, water and ground temperatures.The following results were obtained.Under the condition of overcast weather and “cutoff” flood irrigation system on June 22, the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.3 to 1.0°C for tl (surface leaf-stem temperature) and 0.8 to 1.6°C for tw (surface water temperature) measured by precision radiation thermometer at the point from -2H (distance represented windbreak height) (minus sign denotes windward side) to 10H. The reference temperature denotes the value at the point of -20H.In the case of clear weather and “cutoff” flood irrigation system on June 23 to 24, the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.2 to 1.4°C for tl, 0.9 to 2.3°C for tw, 0.3 to 1.0°C for Tl (leaf temperature), 0.2 to 0.9°C for Ta (air ternperature), 0.9 to 2.2°C for Tw (water temperature) and 0.9 to 2.0°C for Tg (ground temperature) measured by thermo-junction thermometer. Maxima of temperature differences between 2H and 30H were 2.7°C for tl at 1700 June 23, 3.8°C for tw at 1515 June 23, 2.0°C for Tl at 1220 June 24, 2.8°C for Tw at 1220, 3.5°C for Ta at 1300 June 23 and 3.8°C forTg at 1300.Under the circumstance of overcast weather and “continuous” flood irrigation system on June 30 and July 1, the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.2 to 0.6°C for tl, 0.5 to 1.0°C for tw, 0.4 to 1.1°C for Tl, 0.3 to 1.0°C for Ta, 0.8 to 1.1°C for Tw and 0.8 to 1.1°C for Tg.An interesting result was come up that the increasing temperatures at the distance of 1H just behind the windbreak were lower than those at the distances of -2H and 2H, i, e., the values from 0800 to 1230 for tl, from 1200 to 1515 for tw, from 1300 to 1720 for Tl and from 2230 to 0630 for Tw, and the greater parts of values from 0920 to 1720 for Ta and from 1220 to 0330 for Tg. This seems to be mainly based on the reason that the adiabatic cooling wind of pretty high speed blows through the open space of 25cm between the net and the ground, and the increments of latent and sensible heat fluxes by increasing windspeed.The temperature difference for twl on June 22 is 1.7 to 2.7°C and ones for twl and Twl are 3.1 to 4.1°C and 3.7 to 5.1°C, respectively, Tla is -0.0 to 0.4°C at the points from 1H to 20H and Tgw at the points from 5H to 7.5H is 0.1 to 0.2°C and-0.1 to-0.5°C at other points, particularly -0.9°C at 1H on June 23 to 24. The value of twl, Twl, Tla and Tgw are 2.2 to 2.6°C, 2.3 to 2.5°C, 0.1 to 0.3°C and 0.1 to 0.5°C on June 30 and July 1, respectively.According to the observation results mentioned above, it is considered that the region considerably effected by windbreak is from 5H in the windward side to 20H in the leeward side.The appearances of maximum and minimum of tl, Tl and Ta are generally earlier than thoseof tw
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Under overcast cutoff irrigation, surface leaf-stem temperature increased 0.3 to 1.0°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- surface leaf-stem temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 0.3 to 1.0°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.3 to 1.0°C for tl (surface leaf-stem temperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under overcast cutoff irrigation, surface water temperature increased 0.8 to 1.6°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- surface water temperaturee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.8 to 1.6°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.8 to 1.6°C for tw (surface water temperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, surface leaf-stem temperature increased 0.2 to 1.4°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.2 to 1.4°C for tl”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, surface water temperature increased 0.9 to 2.3°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.9 to 2.3°C for tw”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, leaf temperature increased 0.3 to 1.0°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- leaf temperaturee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.3 to 1.0°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.3 to 1.0°C for Tl (leaf temperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, air temperature increased 0.2 to 0.9°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- air ternperaturee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.2 to 0.9°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.2 to 0.9°C for Ta (air ternperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, water temperature increased 0.9 to 2.2°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- water temperaturee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.9 to 2.2°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.9 to 2.2°C for Tw (water temperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under clear cutoff irrigation, ground temperature increased 0.9 to 2.0°C.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- ground temperaturee0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 0.9 to 2.0°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.9 to 2.0°C for Tg (ground temperature)”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, surface leaf-stem temperature increased 0.2 to 0.6°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the increasing rates of temperatures are 0.2 to 0.6°C for tl”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, surface water temperature increased 0.5 to 1.0°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.5 to 1.0°C for tw”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, leaf temperature increased 0.4 to 1.1°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.4 to 1.1°C for Tl”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, air temperature increased 0.3 to 1.0°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.3 to 1.0°C for Ta”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, water temperature increased 0.8 to 1.1°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.8 to 1.1°C for Tw”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Under continuous irrigation and overcast weather, ground temperature increased 0.8 to 1.1°C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“0.8 to 1.1°C for Tg”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature increments at 1H behind the windbreak were lower than at -2H and 2H.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- increasing temperaturese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Setting
- 1H just behind the windbreake0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the increasing temperatures at the distance of 1H just behind the windbreak were lower than those at the distances of -2H and 2H”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute the 1H cooling to wind passing under the net and larger latent and sensible heat fluxes.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- adiabatic cooling winde0
- Qualifier
- open space of 25cme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“the adiabatic cooling wind of pretty high speed blows through the open space of 25cm between the net and the ground, and the increments of latent and sensible heat fluxes by increasing windspeed”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
The substantially affected region spans 5H windward to 20H leeward.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- region considerably effected by windbreake0
- Value
- 5H in the windward side to 20H in the leeward sidee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“the region considerably effected by windbreak is from 5H in the windward side to 20H in the leeward side”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and air temperature maxima and minima generally occur earlier than water temperature extrema.
- Taxon
- Paddy Ricet0
- Treatment
- windbreak nett0
- Outcome
- maximum and minimum of tl, Tl and Tae0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Qualifier
- twe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The appearances of maximum and minimum of tl, Tl and Ta are generally earlier than thoseof tw”
t0“Modification of Various Temperatures around Paddy Rice Fields as Influenced by Windbreak Net”
The same questions in other papers
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trap barrier · soil: physics · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.