Abstract
Abstract Soil conditions in the tillage zone (0– 300 mm) of a Tokomaru silt loam were monitored for 3 seasons of a long‐term continuous maize/oats forage cropping trial using different methods of crop establishment — plough/disc/harrow cultivation, minimum cultivation (disc/harrow), and non‐cultivation. Non‐cultivation resulted in higher soil bulk densities, larger structural units (aggregates), and lower porosities — particularly in the larger ‘aeration’ pore sizes (macropores) — compared to more conventional cultivation methods. Infiltration rates were significantly retarded by the non‐cultivation treatment but water retention in the plant‐available range was improved slightly. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Quicktests showed an accumulation of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the uppermost soil layer (0–50 mm) on direct‐drilled plots, whereas the cultivated soil had a more homogeneous fertility status throughout the 0–300 mm zone. The soil physical and fertility conditions for minimum cultivation tended to be intermediate between non‐cultivation and conventional cultivation treatments. Soil aggregate stability, pH, organic carbon, and Quicktest calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels were not significantly affected by the method of tillage. Crop establishment and early plant growth were influenced by soil structural conditions in the seed zone. However, the effects of soil conditions resulting from the different tillage treatments on final crop yields were complicated by other factors. The continuous cropping regime used in this trial caused only a slight deterioration of soil structural conditions New Zealand Soil Bureau publication 970. Received 17 September 1984; revision 11 January 1985 compared to an adjacent grazed pasture. Topsoil pH and Mg showed declining trends and there was a significant drop in MAF Quicktest Ca levels in the uppermost 100 mm, with a simultaneous buildup of Ca below this depth. Fertiliser applications maintained or improved the levels of MAF Quicktest K and P. The results of these changes in soil conditions with continuous cropping on crop yields were inconclusive, but may be linked with the declining oat yields. Maize yields appeared to be more related to climatic and other factors.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
No cultivation raised soil density and aggregate size and lowered porosity.
- Taxon
- Maize/oats
Avena sativa
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- Non‐cultivatione0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densities, larger structural units (aggregates), and lower porositiese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- more conventional cultivation methodse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Non‐cultivation resulted in higher soil bulk densities, larger structural units (aggregates), and lower porosities”
t0“Maize/oats”
e1“compared to more conventional cultivation methods”
Claim · model-written summary
No cultivation significantly slowed infiltration.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- non‐cultivation treatmente0
- Outcome
- Infiltration ratese0
- Direction
- retardede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infiltration rates were significantly retarded by the non‐cultivation treatment”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
No cultivation slightly improved plant available water retention.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- non‐cultivation treatmente1
- Outcome
- water retention in the plant‐available rangee0
- Direction
- improved slightlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water retention in the plant‐available range was improved slightly”
t0“Maize/oats”
e1“Infiltration rates were significantly retarded by the non‐cultivation treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct drilling accumulated P and K in surface soil.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- direct‐drilled plotse0
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the uppermost soil layere0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
- Comparator
- cultivated soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an accumulation of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the uppermost soil layer (0–50 mm) on direct‐drilled plots”
t0“Maize/oats”
e1“whereas the cultivated soil had a more homogeneous fertility status throughout the 0–300 mm zone”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum cultivation had intermediate soil conditions.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- minimum cultivatione0
- Outcome
- soil physical and fertility conditionse0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil physical and fertility conditions for minimum cultivation tended to be intermediate between non‐cultivation and conventional cultivation treatments”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage did not significantly affect aggregate stability, pH, carbon, Ca or Mg.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- method of tillagee0
- Outcome
- Soil aggregate stability, pH, organic carbon, and Quicktest calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levelse0
- Direction
- not significantly affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil aggregate stability, pH, organic carbon, and Quicktest calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels were not significantly affected by the method of tillage”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed zone structure influenced establishment and early growth.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- Crop establishment and early plant growthe0
- Setting
- seed zonee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Crop establishment and early plant growth were influenced by soil structural conditions in the seed zone”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cropping slightly deteriorated soil structure versus pasture.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- continuous cropping regimee0
- Outcome
- soil structural conditionse0
- Direction
- slight deterioratione0
- Comparator
- adjacent grazed pasturee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The continuous cropping regime used in this trial caused only a slight deterioration of soil structural conditions”
t0“Maize/oats”
e1“compared to an adjacent grazed pasture”
Claim · model-written summary
Topsoil pH and Mg declined.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- Topsoil pH and Mge0
- Direction
- declining trendse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topsoil pH and Mg showed declining trends”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Upper 100 mm Ca decreased significantly.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- MAF Quicktest Ca levelse0
- Direction
- drope0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was a significant drop in MAF Quicktest Ca levels in the uppermost 100 mm”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Ca built up below 100 mm.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- buildupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a simultaneous buildup of Ca below this depth”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer maintained or improved K and P levels.
- Taxon
- Maize/oatsAvena sativaZea mayst0
- Treatment
- Fertiliser applicationse0
- Outcome
- levels of MAF Quicktest K and Pe0
- Direction
- maintained or improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fertiliser applications maintained or improved the levels of MAF Quicktest K and P”
t0“Maize/oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat yields may be linked to declining soil conditions.
- Taxon
- oatAvena sativae0
- Outcome
- oat yieldse0
- Direction
- declininge0
- Setting
- soil conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“may be linked with the declining oat yields”
t0“Maize/oats”
e1“The results of these changes in soil conditions with continuous cropping on crop yields were inconclusive”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yields were more related to climate and other factors.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize yields appeared to be more related to climatic and other factors”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · soil: chemistry · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 68 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
78 papers more in this group
See all 82 papers →tillage · soil: chemistry · Avena sativa (oats)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.