Abstract
Macadamia nuts at four different stages of development, namely 3, 5, 7 and 9 months after flowering were examined for their physical and physiological characteristics. There were no significant differences among shell sizes and nut-in-shell weight at different growth stages. However, moisture contents were remarkably different among different development stages. Kernel of 3 month stage contained remarkably high amount of moisture and low total lipids (P<0.05). A remarkable decrease in moisture observed from 5 months after flowering, while total lipids significantly increased. The major lipid classes were found to be triacylglycerols for neutral lipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for polar lipids at all development stages. The composition of polar lipids changed remarkably during kernel development, especially after 3 months. Fatty acid composition of total lipids at 3 months stages showed significantly higher amounts of myristic, palmitic and linoleic acid (P<0.05), while contents of stearic and oleic acid increased as the nuts grew further. A ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contents changed from 4.3 to 6.6 with kernel development and this was mainly due to an increase in oleic acid.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shell sizes and nut-in-shell weight did not differ significantly among growth stages.
- Taxon
- Macadamia Nuts
Macadamia integrifoliat0 - Organ / stage
- different growth stagese0
- Outcome
- shell sizes and nut-in-shell weighte0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant differences among shell sizes and nut-in-shell weight at different growth stages.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture contents differed markedly among developmental stages.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- different development stagese0
- Outcome
- moisture contentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, moisture contents were remarkably different among different development stages.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-month kernels had remarkably high moisture.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- Kernel of 3 month stagee0
- Outcome
- moisturee0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel of 3 month stage contained remarkably high amount of moisture and low total lipids (P<0.05).”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-month kernels had low total lipids (P<0.05).
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- Kernel of 3 month stagee0
- Outcome
- total lipidse0
- Direction
- lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Kernel of 3 month stage contained remarkably high amount of moisture and low total lipids (P<0.05).”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Moisture decreased markedly from five months after flowering.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- 5 months after floweringe0
- Outcome
- moisturee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A remarkable decrease in moisture observed from 5 months after flowering, while total lipids significantly increased.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Total lipids significantly increased from five months after flowering.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- 5 months after floweringe0
- Outcome
- total lipidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A remarkable decrease in moisture observed from 5 months after flowering, while total lipids significantly increased.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Triacylglycerols were the major neutral lipids at all developmental stages.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Outcome
- triacylglycerols for neutral lipidse0
- Qualifier
- at all development stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major lipid classes were found to be triacylglycerols for neutral lipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for polar lipids at all development stages.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were the major polar lipids at all developmental stages.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Outcome
- phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for polar lipidse0
- Qualifier
- at all development stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The major lipid classes were found to be triacylglycerols for neutral lipids, and phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine for polar lipids at all development stages.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Polar lipid composition changed markedly during kernel development, especially after three months.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- kernel developmente0
- Outcome
- composition of polar lipidse0
- Qualifier
- especially after 3 monthse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The composition of polar lipids changed remarkably during kernel development, especially after 3 months.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Three-month nuts had significantly higher myristic, palmitic and linoleic acid amounts.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- 3 months stagese0
- Outcome
- amounts of myristic, palmitic and linoleic acide0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fatty acid composition of total lipids at 3 months stages showed significantly higher amounts of myristic, palmitic and linoleic acid (P<0.05)”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
Stearic and oleic acid contents increased as nuts grew further.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- nutse0
- Outcome
- contents of stearic and oleic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- as the nuts grew furthere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contents of stearic and oleic acid increased as the nuts grew further.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
The unsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio rose from 4.3 to 6.6 during kernel development.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Organ / stage
- kernel developmente0
- Outcome
- ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contentse0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 4.3 to 6.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contents changed from 4.3 to 6.6 with kernel development and this was mainly due to an increase in oleic acid.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”
Claim · model-written summary
The fatty acid ratio change was attributed mainly to increased oleic acid.
- Taxon
- Macadamia NutsMacadamia integrifoliat0
- Compound
- oleic acide0
- Outcome
- ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contentse0
- Qualifier
- mainly due to an increase in oleic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid contents changed from 4.3 to 6.6 with kernel development and this was mainly due to an increase in oleic acid.”
t0“Macadamia Nuts”