Abstract
SummaryImmature trees of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), a dioecious species, exhibit major cropping problems; in particular, insufficient male bloom and low yields of poor quality nuts. The aims of this research were to elucidate the extent of pollen limitation and factors that affect pollination and fruit-set during this precarious period. The experiment was conducted in a 4 year-old, 57 ha orchard, in the southwest of the San Joaquin Valley, California. Female trees of the cultivar ‘Kerman’ and trees of the male cultivar ‘Peters’ were interplanted at a ratio of 1:24. Bloom phenology was recorded visually. Supplementary pollination treatments, using electrostatic and non-electrostatic methods, were applied to the female trees and compared to open-pollination. Pollen density in the air was analysed during the application of the treatments. The following results were found: male and female bloom completely overlapped, although pollen availability became a limiting factor early in the flowering period; supplementary pollination significantly increased pollen flow, while pollen levels were extremely low in open-pollination; supplementary pollination, and electrostatic pollination in particular, significantly increased pollen germination on the stigma, and reduced the level of blank nuts. In conclusion, pollination was found to be a limiting factor in immature pistachio trees. It is suggested that, in some cases, electrostatic pollination could supplement natural pollination, thereby ensuring higher yields with better nut quality. However, poor levels of pollen alone could not account for all the differences in cropping between immature and mature pistachio trees.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Male and female bloom of immature pistachio trees completely overlapped.
- Taxon
- pistachio
Pistacia verat0 - Outcome
- male and female bloome2
- Qualifier
- completely overlappede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e2“male and female bloom completely overlapped, although pollen availability became a limiting factor early in the flowering period”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen availability became a limiting factor early in the flowering period.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Outcome
- pollen availabilitye2
- Qualifier
- early in the flowering periode2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e2“male and female bloom completely overlapped, although pollen availability became a limiting factor early in the flowering period”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary pollination significantly increased pollen flow compared with open-pollination.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Treatment
- supplementary pollinatione3
- Outcome
- pollen flowe3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Comparator
- open-pollinatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e3“supplementary pollination significantly increased pollen flow, while pollen levels were extremely low in open-pollination”
e5“Supplementary pollination treatments, using electrostatic and non-electrostatic methods, were applied to the female trees and compared to open-pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen levels were extremely low under open-pollination.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Outcome
- pollen levelse3
- Qualifier
- extremely low in open-pollinatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e3“supplementary pollination significantly increased pollen flow, while pollen levels were extremely low in open-pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary pollination, electrostatic pollination in particular, significantly increased pollen germination on the stigma compared with open-pollination.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Treatment
- supplementary pollinatione4
- Outcome
- pollen germination on the stigmae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- electrostatic pollination in particulare4
- Comparator
- open-pollinatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e4“supplementary pollination, and electrostatic pollination in particular, significantly increased pollen germination on the stigma, and reduced the level of blank nuts”
e5“Supplementary pollination treatments, using electrostatic and non-electrostatic methods, were applied to the female trees and compared to open-pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Supplementary pollination reduced the level of blank nuts compared with open-pollination.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Treatment
- supplementary pollinatione4
- Outcome
- level of blank nutse4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Comparator
- open-pollinatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e4“supplementary pollination, and electrostatic pollination in particular, significantly increased pollen germination on the stigma, and reduced the level of blank nuts”
e5“Supplementary pollination treatments, using electrostatic and non-electrostatic methods, were applied to the female trees and compared to open-pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Electrostatic pollination could supplement natural pollination to ensure higher yields with better nut quality.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verat0
- Treatment
- electrostatic pollinatione6
- Outcome
- higher yields with better nut qualitye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of immaturity on productivity and nut quality in pistachio (Pistacia veraL.)”
e6“electrostatic pollination could supplement natural pollination, thereby ensuring higher yields with better nut quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Poor pollen levels alone could not account for all cropping differences between immature and mature pistachio trees.
- Taxon
- pistachioPistacia verae7
- Outcome
- differences in cropping between immature and mature pistachio treese7
- Qualifier
- poor levels of pollen alone could not account for alle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“poor levels of pollen alone could not account for all the differences in cropping between immature and mature pistachio trees”
The same questions in other papers
pollination · yield · Pistacia vera (pistachio)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.