Abstract
Poor soil structure and nutrients, excessive exchangeable Na+, high pH as well as low enzyme activities are common in the solonetz, and significantly restrict corn (Zea mays L.) production. Cattle manure application combined with deep tillage is an important management practice that can affect soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities as well as corn yield in the solonetz. Field experiments were carried out in a randomized complete block design comprising four treatments: Corn with conventional tillage was used as a control, and corn with manure application combined with deep tillage as well as film mulching and aluminium sulfate were used as the experimental treatments, respectively. The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties was determined using stepwise regression analysis. Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield and for improving soil properties in the solonetz. The highest corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulching (11 472 and 12 228 kg ha−1), and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment (8 343 and 8 552 kg ha−1) both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Using factor analysis, three factors were obtained, which represented soil fertility status, soil saline-alkaline properties and soil structural properties both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively. Manure and deep tillage management resulted in two distinct groups of soil properties: (1) soils with manure application combined with deep tillage and (2) soils with conventional tillage. Stepwise regression analysis showed that corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P, as well as negatively correlated to pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchange sodium percentage (ESP), and bulk density (ρb). We concluded that ρb was dominant factor for corn yield on the basis of discriminant coefficient. Manure application combined with deep tillage management resulted in an increase in corn yield mainly owing to improved soil structural properties, followed by decreased soil saline-alkaline obstacle as well as increased urease activity and available P. This result is likely that the improvement in soil organic matter (SOM) from manure application greatly and positively contributed to better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities, especially decrease in ρb. Suggestion for corn production should be improvement in soil structural properties firstly. This could cause decrease in ρb that key factor which limited the corn production in the solonetz.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Manure plus deep tillage increased corn yield relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- Manure application combined with deep tillage managemente0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure plus deep tillage improved soil properties relative to conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Manure application combined with deep tillage managemente0
- Outcome
- soil propertiese0
- Direction
- improvinge0
- Comparator
- conventional tillagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Manure application combined with deep tillage management was more effective than conventional tillage for increasing corn yield and for improving soil properties”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure, deep tillage and plastic film produced 11 472 kg ha−1 corn yield in 2013, 38% above control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulchinge0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11 472e0
- Qualifier
- 2013e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulching (11 472 and 12 228 kg ha−1), and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment (8 343 and 8 552 kg ha−1) both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure, deep tillage and plastic film produced 12 228 kg ha−1 corn yield in 2014, 43% above control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulchinge0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12 228 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- 2014e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was obtained in the treatments with manure application+deep tillage+plastic film mulching (11 472 and 12 228 kg ha−1), and increased by 38 and 43% comparing with the control treatment (8 343 and 8 552 kg ha−1) both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Factor analysis identified soil fertility, saline-alkaline and structural factors in both years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- three factors were obtainede1
- Value
- threee1
- Qualifier
- 2013 and 2014 experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties”
e1“three factors were obtained, which represented soil fertility status, soil saline-alkaline properties and soil structural properties both in the 2013 and 2014 experiments”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure and deep tillage distinguished treated from conventionally tilled soil properties.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- two distinct groups of soil propertiese1
- Value
- twoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties”
e1“Manure and deep tillage management resulted in two distinct groups of soil properties: (1) soils with manure application combined with deep tillage and (2) soils with conventional tillage”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield correlated positively with urease and available P.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Compound
- available Pe0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn yield correlated negatively with pH, EC, ESP and bulk density.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Setting
- pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchange sodium percentage (ESP), and bulk density (ρb)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield was significantly and positively correlated to urease and available P, as well as negatively correlated to pH, electrical conductivity (EC), exchange sodium percentage (ESP), and bulk density (ρb)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulk density was the dominant yield factor by discriminant coefficient.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- dominant factor for corn yielde1
- Setting
- ρbe1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties”
e1“ρb was dominant factor for corn yield on the basis of discriminant coefficient”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute yield gains mainly to improved soil structure, then reduced salinity and increased urease and available P.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Compound
- available Pe0
- Outcome
- corn yielde0
- Qualifier
- improved soil structural propertiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn yield mainly owing to improved soil structural properties, followed by decreased soil saline-alkaline obstacle as well as increased urease activity and available P”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors link manure-derived organic matter to better soil properties, especially lower bulk density.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- manure applicatione1
- Outcome
- better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activitiese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relationship between corn yield and measured soil properties”
e1“improvement in soil organic matter (SOM) from manure application greatly and positively contributed to better soil physico-chemical properties and enzyme activities, especially decrease in ρb”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend first improving soil structure for corn production.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- improvement in soil structural properties firstlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suggestion for corn production should be improvement in soil structural properties firstly”
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